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Gs3 > 2. Internal Security > Flashcards

2. Internal Security Flashcards

1
Q

What are the challenges to cyber security in india

A
  1. Few cases reported - digital illiteracy , fear of reputation damage
  2. Hardware and software - China, underpaid and unpaid
  3. Lack of adoption of new tech. Ex: banks magnetic strip
  4. Govt
    - single IT ACT
    - multiple agencies
  5. Resource capabilities
    - state cyber security labs
    -few Indian companies make CS products
    - 30000 plus cyber security vacancies
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2
Q

What are the types of cybercrime

A
  1. Ransom ware - aiims Delhi
  2. Hacking - air india serves 2021
  3. Phishing attack- 83% org ( PHISHING INSIGHTS 2021)
  4. Spyware attack
  5. Denial of service
  6. Cyber bullying / stalking
  7. Corporate smear
  8. Digital forgery
  9. Sale of illegal articles via dark web
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3
Q

Cyber offences punishable under IT act

A
  1. Destroying / altering / stealing computer system or network with malacious intent
  2. Corporate body which deals with sensitive info not taking reasonable security measures and causing damage
  3. hacking with malacious intent
    4.identity theft
  4. Violation of privacy by transmitting image of pvt area
  5. Cyber terrorism
  6. Online pornography
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4
Q

Way forward to handle cyber security

A
  1. Security audits, cyber forensics
  2. Nccpr - blue whale— cyber trivia app
  3. Star rating for apps
  4. Zero trust model.. Complete departure from implicit trust model
  5. Budapest convention

4D- DETER, DETECT, DESTROY, DOCUMENT

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5
Q

Challenges in tackling money laundering

A
  1. Technology speed - crypto currency
  2. non fulfillment of KYC norms- banks loosing guard
  3. Loopholes in law - only 23 convicted in ~ 5400 cases under pmla
    —- also loopholes in double taxation avoidance agreement
  4. Tax havens - maximum fdi from mauritius which is in fatf grey list
  5. Politician- b- criminal nexus. Electoral funding
  6. Shell companies - no proper definition in law
  7. India’s informal and unregulated sector - real estate, jewellery - huge amount of cash transactions without any documentation
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6
Q

Impacts of money laundering

A
  1. Economic crimes - in effect less money in the hands of govt- affects all the citizens
  2. Fuel other - drug, terrorism
  3. Often placed in sterile investments- no further productivity
  4. Bribes - social consequences
  5. Damage the image of financial institutions. No investments
  6. Monetary policy like rbis inflation targeting might fail- due to proliferation of black money
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7
Q

Steps taken to reduce money laundering by india

A
  1. Sebi - p note
  2. kyc
  3. Indias FIU - EGMont group
  4. India pushing to widen Oecd initiative - automabtic exchanve of financial info to include non financial assets
  5. Pmla, benami transactions prohibition act, black money act 2015

Best case – Estonia – its business environment is highly transparent the digital infrastructure helps the government to verify every transactions

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8
Q

Why cryptocurrency or NFT preferred for ml

A

1, easy to take ransom
2. Lack of govt oversight
3. Blooming of csps
4. Minimal transaction fees - easy to layer and move across globally
5. Security, anonymity , speed , ease of transfer

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9
Q

Determinants of naxalism

A
  1. Land related
    - land reforms
    - distribution of patta rights ( wb)
    - 5th schedule
    - forced displacement, no rehabilitation
    - community land by powerful sections

** 12% of India’s tribals lives in lwe areas**

  1. Governance
    - no basic
    - absence
    - poverty
    - promise of establishment of jananthana Sarkar by cpi ( Maoist)- full access to resources
  2. Socioeconomic
    - untouchability
    - cultural humiliation
  3. Trust deficit
    - crpf 2012, Bijapur, chattisgarh
  4. Opium self funding
  5. Trijunction theory + unplanned governance
  6. passive state police
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10
Q

Security implications of social media

A

Non state
1. Hate speech and extremist ideologies - THE RESISTANCE FRONT ( TRF) Kashmir
2. Disinformation and propaganda- news item by WASHINGTON post - khalistani sympathisers using twitter bots for propaganda
3. Terrorist recruitment - ISIS
4. Info gathering - data mining for targeting individuals
5. Networking - planning and organising, risk mitigation by being virtual ( ex: telegram used in 2015 Paris attack )
6. Financing - soliciting funds ( ex: jihadist pages in fb)
4. Honey trapping of security officials

Others
1. Democracy - profiling people and then flooding them with real and fake news to influence behaviour
2. Fake news - migrant exodus from T.N, mob lynching
3. Deep fakes - liars dividend - phenomenon where someone can get away with lying by saying that something is “fake news”
3. Malacious software in the form of clickbaits - ransomware virus
4. Narrative set by bots and paid tweets — survival of the loudest principle

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11
Q

Wf for social media

A
  1. Streghthen the IT act
  2. Social media lab of mumbai police - train personnel
  3. Sathyamev jayade
  4. Fact check centers - factly
  5. Sc guidelines in tehseen ponnawala case - special task force headed by a senior officer
  6. it rules 2023

Famous television series CHERNOBYL opening line says THE REAL DANGER IS when we hear enough lies that we no longer recognise the truth at all

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12
Q

India China . Steps taken by india

A

Issues
1. Chinese expansionism - Xiaokang villages along Chinese border
2. Millitary aggression - galwan valley
3. Water war
4. Land exchange agreement with Bhutan - threat to India’s chicken neck corridor
5. Cartographic aggression. - unilaterally naming
6. Cpec
7. Nathula, shipkila , lipulekh - large scale snuggling
8. Multiple forces - Indian army, itbp, Assam rifles

Steps by india
1. Dhola Sadiya bridge - reduce time of troop movement
2. Infra development in north east along with Japan
3. Army infra project within 100 km of LAC no need of env clearance

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13
Q

India- Bangladesh . Steps taken

A

Issues
1. Border fencing issue , riverine low lying areas, populated areas
2. Smuggling - jamdani sarees, rice siphoned off from pds etc
3. Cattle smuggling
4. Illegal migration of Rohingyas, drug peddling among them flagged by intelligence
5. Enclaves and adverse possession- perfect for smuggling and avoiding excise and customs duty
6. Anti national elements - ULFA, ATTF, nlft
7. Radicalisation - HARKAT AL JIHAD AL ISLAMI

STEPS
1. Cibms
2. Bold qit - different sensors in unfenced area
3. Integrated check post . Clearance under one roof
4. 100th CAA - exchange of 111 enclaves
5. Sunderbans Moitry- joint exercise

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14
Q

India Myanmar . Steps taken

A

Issues
1. FREE MOVEMENT REGIME - used by insurgent groups ( like ULFA and Attf) to set base in chin state to regroup and rearm
2. Rugged terrain - difficult to construct infra to enable viable policing
3. Narcotics and golden triangle- second largest opium producer
4. Arms procurement from M based rebel groups
5. Humanitarian issue - Rohingyas

Steps
1. Integrated check post
2. Panel set up to study FMR
3. Operation sunrise
4, border passes to residents within 16 km of border to ensure better monitoring

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15
Q

India Nepal . Steps taken

A

1950 peace and friendship treaty - open border
Issues
1. Open border- insurgents, terrorists, hardcore criminals
2. Human trafficking, animal smuggling, gun running
3. Nepal Maoist ideological support to Indian Maoist - fear of insurgency
4. Reports that PAKs isi has been using Nepal to carry out anti india activity

Steps
1. Integrated check post
2. Border outposts - platform for discussing issues of mutual concern

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16
Q

Threats to India’s maritime security security

A

Geography
1. Diverse topography, weave in and out of international border
2. Mangroves- clandestine landing of arms , explosive and infiltrators

Crimes
3. Drug smuggling - operation Samudragupt
4. Human trafficking
5. Piracy

Maritime boundary
1. pakistan sir creek - thalweg principle vs eastern bank
2. Srilanka- Indian fishermen crossing srilankas territorial waters
3. Maldives - turakunnu 70nm, rising tide of radicalisation and Chinese stronghold

Chinese expansionism
1. Yuan wang 5 - dual use ship docked in habantota
2. String of pearls

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17
Q

Measures to protect coasts

A
  1. Multi tier- coastal police, coast Guard, indian navy
  2. Marine police training center
  3. Biometric aadhar to fishermen
  4. Sagar prahari bal to protect naval bases
  5. Integrated coastal radar network — mauritius, Seychelles, srilanka
18
Q

Challenges posed by terrorism in india

A
  1. Link to OC
  2. Drain on economic resource
  3. ‘ bleed india by 1000 cuts’ pak - arms, ammunitions, CFIN
    CIA- heroin in Pakistan sowing the wind
  4. No global support -Abdul Azhar
  5. Fake news, misinformation etc- Khalistan bots
  6. Cyber attack - isis - united cyber caliphate
  7. New warfare mode - ex: drone attack at Jammu aircraft base
19
Q

Define oc

A

Highly centralised enterprises run by criminals to engage in activities like drugs, smuggling , hawala, kidnapping etc.

20
Q

Similarities and linkages between oc and terrorism

A

Similarities

  1. Extreme violence
  2. Secrecy
  3. Against law and order
  4. Failure of state - poor enforcement of laws, porous borders
  5. Highly adaptable, innovative and resilient

Linkage

  1. T to d- protection via arms. D to t - acquanited with routes
  2. Hawala transaction in indian real estate used by terror groups in pak
  3. Small arms - bihar, up
  4. Human - boko haram using child beggars for money. Forced yazidi woman
  5. Currency counterfeiting - directly funding terrorist organization
21
Q

Differentiate terrorism and organised crime

A
  1. Dismantles once goal achieved, structured for perpetual functioning
  2. All with knack of violence, more restricted and complex
    3 power and control vs finanacila and material benifits
  3. Lone wolf vs group of people
  4. Media attention vs no
22
Q

Steps taken by india to control terror financing

A
  1. UAPA - CRIMInalize circulation of high quality indian counterfiet currency
  2. Terror funding and fake currency cell under NIA
  3. FICN (fake indian currency network) coordination group under home min, to share intelligence on fake currency network
  4. Mou between India and Bangladesh
23
Q

Challenges in handling drug trafficking in India

A
  1. Golden crecent, golden Triangle

cia report —- HEROIN IN PAKISTAN, SOWING THE WIND - confirms use of drug money by Pakistan to fund millitancy in india

  1. Unodc data - cheap
  2. Domestic production of various psychotropic and pharma
  3. Narcotics crime bureau has a conviction rate of less than 20% in 2020
  4. Jharkhand naxals
  5. Narcoterrorism in neighbourhood - narcoeconmony grew by 20% post taliban ( unodc )
  6. Technology - drug drones, darknet, bit coins

Wf

  1. Border security - operation samudragupt 15000 crore worth drugs by navy and narcotics
  2. Ncord and Nidaan portal ( arrested narco offenders)
  3. Cross border cooperation
  4. Ndps agency trained to focus on commercial quantity of drugs
24
Q

Causes of northeast insurgency

A
  1. Historical
    - colonial legacy of isolation
    - ethnic and cultural specificities — ignored during delineation
    - tea planters exploitation
  2. Geographical
    - disconnect with mainland india
    - golden traingle
    - contiguous border with neighboring countries - arms, FMR
    - Xiaogkong villages
  3. Socio economic
    - ethnic conflicts
    - discrimination in other parts of country
    - governance failure
25
Q

Steps already taken by gov to tackle NE insurgency

A
  1. Constn - 371A, schedule V1
  2. Inner line permit
  3. peace talk and agreement - Naga peace accord, Bodo
    In sept 2022 - tripartite Agreement between govt, Assam govt and adivasi groups of Assam
  4. Infrastructure and development- IMT, Parvatmala, Doner
  5. Vibrant villages programs - in Arunachal and sikkim
  6. Afspa and counter insurgency
  7. Coordinated action with Myanmar
26
Q

Wf for NE

A
  1. Protect , promote and preserve their culture
    - Xaxa commitee - inclusion on NE culture and history in edn
  2. Better governance
  3. Perception management - football tournament by Assam rifles, training students in competitive exam
  4. Bezbaruah committee - anti discrimination law
  5. revise Afspa
  6. Tea workers
  7. rehabilitation of armed groups
27
Q

Important sections of AFSPA

A
  1. Sec 3 - central govt or governor declare as disturbed area
  2. Sec 4- authorised officer can open fire or arrest without warrant, seize and search without warrant
  3. Sec 5- those arrested to be handed over to the nearest police station- least possible delay ( so basically no time period)
  4. Sec 6- immunity to armed personnel
28
Q

Arguments for Afspa

A
  1. Terrorist and insurgents- well trained, modern ammunition
  2. T&S might scare people to file law suits against army
  3. Demotivation- Necessary- so that use the right kind of force req to deal with a situation
  4. A. 355 - duty of center to ensure peace and tranquility in states - Kuki vs meities
  5. Flexible - only until the situation demands, effective short term measure
29
Q

Arguments against AFSPA

A

Santhosh hegde commitee - symbol of opression
1. Fake encounters, sexual assault - manorama death case of manipur
2. Fundamental rights - killing of civilians in nagaland being criticised

  1. Changes in the region
    - insurgency activities have reduced by 76% in north east and ( 60% in Kashmir ) in last decade
    - completely withdrawn from Tripura, mega
    - peace- Karbi accord, Bodo accord
  2. Lose of credibility of democracy. Exploited by secessionist
    - Excessive use of force without exploring other option
    - sec 4- against FR. RT TO LIFE - arrest w/o warrant
    - Sec 5- scope to be in custody for more than 24 hrs
30
Q

Way forward for Afspa

A
  1. SC ( naga people movt vs uoi) - Every death must be thoroughly enquired , consult state before declaration, declaration for limited period, use minimal force
  2. Jeevan reddy commitee- grievance cell in every district
  3. Strengthen the police - ex: tripura withdrew afspa in 2015
  4. Strong judicial mechanism within the army -
  5. Delist offences like sexual offences
31
Q

Threats wrt dark web

A
  1. Sale of illegal goods - silk Road market place - FBI
  2. Economic crimes - money counterfieying, fake passport, fake visa
  3. Espousing extremist ideology
  4. Videos of extremist attack - christchurch video , porno w/o consent
  5. Minor crimes - Netflix
  6. International cartels. Very guarded wrt entry. Takes years
32
Q

How overground workers assist terror outfits

A

Over-ground workers (OGWs) are individuals who support and assist terrorist organizations without directly engaging in violent activities

  1. Intelligence gathering - army and civilian movt,
  2. Travel , accommodation , food
  3. Acquiring ammunitions
  4. Recruitment -
  5. Spreading propaganda

Difficult to find out
1. Faceless terrorism
2. Sleeper cells

33
Q

Wf for Kashmir ogw

A
  1. Deradicalisation ( ex: operation pigeon of Kerala police )
  2. Intelligence sharing and gathering
  3. Perception management - mission pehal

Community
1. 3 pronged counselling
2. Civil society and media
3. Effective counter narratives . Ex: Al Azhar university of Cairo

34
Q

Issues with security forces

A
  1. Bsf jawan video - food
  2. Top position ips officer
  3. Canada - bsf - violent para military
  4. Bsf website - bangladeshi hackers
  5. Cattle smuggling nexus
    6 overworked
  6. Hand held imagers
  7. No mobile connectivity in outposts

Wf

  1. Composite border outposts
  2. Rajya sabha commitee - bring IPS officers at entry level
  3. Hard area allowances uniform for all
  4. Additional battalion - so as to remove the issue of frequent transfer and no cohesion
35
Q

Unification of several border forces into a single force. Pros and cons . Note the keywords

A

Pros
1. Seamless coordination in case of a 2 front war
2. Resource optmization - clear understanding of priorities and reduce wastages
3. Enhanced intelligence sharing- situational awareness and proactive approach
4. Uniform standards and training protocols
Ex: same first level recruitment test

Cons
1. Diverse role and terrain
2. Organisational culture, hierarchy and resistance to change
3. Lengthy administrative and legislative protocols , politically sensitive
4. Valuable local knowledge
5. Accountability and oversight

Wf - joint exercises, information sharing platforms

36
Q

Threats of drone

A
  1. Asymmetric ,no contact warfare. Can be equipped with explosive devices
    Ex: blast in Jammu air base station
  2. Smuggle drugs, fake currency etc
  3. Any target ( civilian, Millitary, critical ) and any terrain
  4. High cost of kill vs low cost of drones
  5. China - largest seller of low cost commercial drones. Can be repurposed for attack
  6. Conventional radars not equipped to detect drones. Swarm drones used to overwhelm radar systems
  7. Terrorist org - isil- unmanned aircraft of mujahideen unit
  8. Wassner agreement, MTCR - not wide in its sweep
  9. Cubicle warriors- play station mentality in killing
37
Q

Wf for drones

A
  1. Hard kill - done gun , drone domes, drone hunters ( net to capture destroyed drone )
  2. Soft kill - radio frequency jammers, digital fencing etc
  3. Effective implementation of no fly zones under uav regulations
  4. New tech - AI to predict path of drone
38
Q

Define mob lynching

A

Putting a person to death by a mob ( 5 or more people as per the latest BNS bill). Extra judicial and creates an atmosphere of fear and insecurity

39
Q

Reasons of mob lynching

A
  1. Fake news - palghar WhatsApp thieves
  2. Societal polarisation, hate speech , intolerance
  3. Mob is faceless- impunity leads mob to take extreme steps
  4. Newspaper investigation- unemployed, illiterate, influence of drug/alcohol
  5. Failure of admin and law and order
    - indifference to local intelligence by police
    - silence of political class
    - police filing case against victims / survivors ( IndiaSpend report)

Put a box and write
In Tehseen poonawala case court observed that the crime is aggravated by apathy of mute spectators, police inertia and the grandstanding of the incident in social media

40
Q

Wf for mob lynching

A
  1. Tehseen poonawala case
    - nodal officer of sp rank
    - immediate fir, timely investigation and filing of charge sheet
    - non harassment of victims
  2. Media- fact checking
  3. Civil society - karwan e Mohabat consciousness raising nation wide campaign
41
Q

Source of terrorist funding

A
  1. Organised crime - fraud, kidnapping for ransom, human trafficking
    Ex: boko haram
  2. Drug trade
    Ex: 80% of worlds heroin supply was by afghan taliban in 2020
  3. Illicit trade in commodities like oil and gold
    Ex: ISIS taking over oil assets in Syria
  4. Cryptocurrency
    Dig
  5. Black money
    Ex: groups like hezbollah use Shell companies to park their black money ( open society foundation)
  6. Informal sector and sectors with huge amount of cash transaction
    Ex: jewellery , real estate
  7. Misuse of NPO - nia raid in Kashmir ngos
42
Q

Khalistan key word

A

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