1. Agriculture Final

Question 1

Ashok dalwai commitee Recco specifically for agri marketing

Answer 1

1, agri marketing in concurrent list
2. Physical infra creation
3. Price info dissemination campaign
4. Creation of FPO
5. Agriculture should be treated as an enterprise

Question 2

E- tech in aid of farmers . Significance

Answer 2

1. Precision agriculture and more productivity - soil sens by IIT Bombay
2. Reduced labor cost - swarm robots for applying pesticides
3. Customised solutions - agropad by ibm - real time analysis using AI
4. Resilient agri - disaster preparedness
5. Supply chain mgmt - block chain - trustworthy digital record
6. Market intelligence - DIGITAL MANDI by IIT Kanpur
7. Credit access - agrifintech - jaikisan, sammunati
8. Social media - iFFCO I Mandi — a social commerce app

Kisan drones - surveying, spraying, pollination

Question 3

Challenges in adopting e tech in india

Answer 3

FARMER
2. Digital poverty ( india inequality report 2022 31%, 67%)
4. big indian grain drain
4. Unemployment - machines will replace human

FAO 2022 report - automation might exacerbate inequality if tech not accessible to small and medium farmers

Farm land
1. fragmented land - economies of scale

Other issues
1. lack of formal credit ( RBI internal working group report - 40%)
2. R&D - 0.4% of agri gdp

Question 4

Steps taken by govt to promote e-tech in farmer

Answer 4

1. E-nam — pan india trading portal
2. Village resource centre—isro’s satellite date to reach out to villagers
3. Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s - pilot project in Kerala using drones to spray pesticides
4. Digital public infrastructure for agriculture, Agriculture accelerator fund

Question 5

Wf for e tech in agri

Answer 5

1. Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s - DAAS
2. FPO
3. Small framer large field - small farmers of the area to organise themselves into a group and synchronise e-tech operations

As per Ashok Dalwai - agri startup’s should become pivot of transformation and democratisation of technology

Question 6

Issues with fertiliser subsidies in india

Answer 6

1- distortion because of underpriced urea
- diverted to industrial use
- black market and smuggling to Nepal, Bangla
- import allowed only through 3 govt controlled agencies ( canalisation)

2. Benefits rich farmers ( ES 2015- product based subsidy Is regressive )
3. Externalities
   - NPK- 4:2:1 - 8:4:1
   - eutrophication
   - bio magnification
4. Government
   - Fiscal burden - per bag of urea costs a subsidy burden of around 2700 to govt
   - ** opportunity cost** - prof Ashok Gulati - rs 10 lakh invested in farm research 328 people out of poverty , same amount in fertiliser subsidy 26 people out of poverty
5. weaponisation of global supply chain - feedstock import becoming costly

Question 7

What are the recent steps taken by govt regarding fertiliser subsidies

Answer 7

1. Pm pranam
2. Pm krishi Samruddhi Kendra’s- model fertiliser center
3. Pm Bharathiya jan urvarak pariyojana
4. Nano liquid urea

Question 8

Define fpo

Answer 8

FPO is a legal entity ( cooperative, company, society) where farmers are the primary shareholders and they come together as a collective to improve their bargaining power

Question 9

Benefit of FPOs for transportation and marketing

Answer 9

1. Collective strength of farmers - bargaining power
2. inputs - economies of scale - drones
3. Credit - Grants from sfac, nabard etc
4. Professional management and leadership - BOD

Case study - Krishak Bharath FPC

Question 10

What are the issues with FPOS

Answer 10

1. FPO
   - long time to mature
   - poor farmers — lack of patient capital
   - enabling org ( NGO, relegious institutions) - not market facing
   - lack of professionals in rural space
   - no integration of FPO within same area / same produce
2. Farmers
   - the shift from production to marketing —not easy
   - few farmers engage with fpo - hardly few with > 1000 members
3. Social
   - caste cleavage- BOD captured by dominant caste
   - gender

4, administrative
- only 5% FPO given grant under EGCG fund of sfac in last 7 years

Question 11

Initiatives by govt to form FPO s

Answer 11

1. Central sector scheme to form 10000 FPOs - grant + matching equty
2. EGCG fund by SFAC
3. Producers org development fund by NABARD

Question 12

Way forward for FPO

Answer 12

1. Govt policies
   - JJ IRANI commitee - special act for FPO and delinking it from comapanies act
   - training program via MOOC

2, market
- patient capital
- professional ( agri university)

3. Farmers
   Social divide

Question 13

Difficulties in agri export

Answer 13

1. Less processing - sun drying and pickling
2. Cold chain and logistical infra
3. Transport - land locked production centers to ports. Turn around time
4. Regulatory cholestrol- fssai, apeda, export inspection council
5. Quality - alphonso mangoes, poultry
6. Less branding - kashmiri apples, darjeeling tea in comparison to Washington apple or Californian almonds
7. Packaging
8. Subsistence farming

Question 14

Steps taken by govt to import exports

Answer 14

1. Agri export policy 2019
2. Transport and marketing assistance ( reimburses a certain portion of freight)
3. Apeda, tobacco board, coffee board
4. Trade infra for export

Question 15

What are the benefits of millets

Answer 15

1. Human
   - diversification- proteins , micronutrients and dietary fibers
   - low glycemic index
   - anemic - biofortified pearl milet
   - hidden hunger
   - food security - good after 10-12 years of growing also
2. Economic
   - low investment crop - economic security
   - animal fodder
   - value addition + export opportunities ( millet dosa mix, millet noodles)
3. Agronomics
   - drought resistant - jowar in Rajasthan staple diet
   - arid + semi arid
   - short growing season- little millet in 70 days
   - intercropping - productivity increased
4. Env
   - resistant to pest — so less use of pesticides
   - retain soil fertility -
   - less carbon footprint- less consumption of water
   -allelopathic features - prevents growth of weed

Question 16

Concerns regarding millet prod

Answer 16

1. Production
   - reduction in area
   - laborious processing
   - limited marketing
2. Social
   - lack of awareness- orphan
   - easy availability of other crops
3. Policies
   - msp only for ragi, bajra , jowar

Question 17

Importance of animal husbandry

Answer 17

Livestock sector contributes to 25-30% of agri GDP ( NSSO 70th round )

1. Farmer
   - income for farmers ( 15% )
   - agri use ( ex: bullocks )
2. Economy
   - major producer of milk , egg, meat
   - leather ( es- job elasticity )
   - employment for rural women ( oxfam : 90% diary handled by women )
3. Envt
   - manure
4. Social security
   - insurance against crop failure
5. Nutritional security
   - proteins from milk, egg, meat

Question 18

Challenges in animal husbandry

Answer 18

1. Highly fragmented - 80% own less than 4 cattle
2. Fodder shortage combined with fodder inflation - Nov 22 fodder inflation of 30%
3. Low yield - cia world fact book 50 lakh, 5 times, 13 crore
4. Less credit - only 4-5% of total institutional credit flowing into agri
5. Livestock disease - lumpy skin disease, avian influenza
6. Apathy towards assisted reproductive techniques
7. forward linkages - chilling infra
8. agri census 2019 - redn in indigenous breeds
9. 1 lakh registered veterinarians for a livestock population of 530 million
10. Global warming— methane enteric fermentation

Question 19

Steps for animal husbandry

Answer 19

1. Rashtriya Gokul mission
2. National livestock mission- entrepreneurship devp and breed improvement
3. National animal disease control prog - brucellosis, FMD
4. E Gopala — breed improvement market place

Question 20

Wf for animal husbandry

Answer 20

1. Awareness about indigenous breeds - ex: Manda buffalo- parasite resistant
2. R&D- ultrasound technique for better quality meat
3. Effective value addition

Question 21

Challenges faced by fisheries sector

Answer 21

1. Access to quality seed and feed for fish farming
2. poor quality boats, bottom trawling, purse siene nets traps fish eggs and small fishes
3. Cold storage facilities
4. climate change, hypoxic zones
5. Lack of regulation of inland harvesting of fish - no code of conduct for leasing of water bodies

Norway fisherman per catch per day - 250 kg
India - 4-5 kg

Question 22

Pm Matsya Sampada Yojana

Answer 22

1. Technolgies - recirculatory aquaculture system, biofloc, cage cultivation
2. Catch to consumer - post harvest
3. Startups and incubators
4. Exports, value addition, MPEDA
5. Converging existing schemes - pm kisan sampada yojana, NRLM etc
6. Specific areas - arid and alkaline- j&k, ladakh, north east
7. national platform for E marketing and e trading

Mpeda came up with shaphari scheme - fisheries production certification

Fisheries and aquaculture development board

KCC for fisherman

Question 23

Issues with MSP

Answer 23

1. Government
   - open ended procurement - huge subsidy budern 2.87 ( 22-23)
   - meant to be floor price, but ceiling price due to politicisation
   - regional disparity in procurement ( Punjab , Haryana vs north east )
   - opportunity cost - reduced fiscal capacity to invest in farm productivity
2. Farmers
   - awareness - Shanta Kumar commitee only 6% aware
   - a third sold below MSP - unable to meet quality stds
3. Society
   - cereal centric diet
4. Environment
   - water guzzling crops
   - depletion of soil nutrients
   - monocropping
5. Economy
   - wto amber box subsidy
   - higher MSP - food inflation ( price increase without any value addition)

Question 24

Way forward for msp

Answer 24

1. Price deficiency payment system - Pm Aasha ( msp- selling price )
2. Decentralised procurement ( Shanta Kumar commitee ) by states
3. Pvt players - better storage and grading facilities
4. Better market intelligence and better info dissemination for better crop planning by farmers
5. Promote other risk avoidance methods like FPO , contract farming etc.

Question 25

Different type of subsidies to farmers

Answer 25

Indirect subsidy

Es 2015 - regressive, market distortion and leakages

1. input subsidy
   - Fertiliser
   - power and irrigation ( unmindful use , soil, virtual water exports, poor state of discoms)
2. Price subsidy
   - msp
3. Farm loan waivers
4. Export subsidy for sugar ( now discontinued after wto dispute)

DIRECT SUBSIDY
- pm Kisan

Economic survey 2015 - DBT through JAM trinity has the ability to wiping off tear from every eye

Question 26

Demerits of farm loan waiver

Answer 26

1. Fiscal deficit
2. Short term. Real agri crises
3. What about pvt debt
4. Moral hazard
5. Populist tool ( ashok gulati)
6. Niti ayog report - 3/4rth of farm loans for consumption instead of meeting agri demands
7. Waivers benifit the rich
8. Banks reluctant to lend
9. Banks stop making profit
10. Delay in releasing fund - bureaucratic red tap

Question 27

Challenges faced by FCI

Answer 27

1. Rice and wheat
2. Transit and pilferage loss of last 4 years could have fed 82 mn indians for 4 months
3. 2.87 lakh crore in 22-23
4. National small savings fund
5. 40 20 26 10 (mn tonnes 2019 business standard report )
6. No liquidation policy for excess grain stock
7. Economic cost of fci (msp+ procurement incidentals + distribution cost) increasing, central issue price is still the same

Question 28

Issues with pds / Nfsa

Answer 28

1. Shortage of pds - 6 lakh villages , around 5.3 lakh FPS
2. Many states do not have adequate grain storage facilities - rotting and rat infested
3. Epos ( more than 98%) - but technical glitches like unable to connect to serves ( ex: Kerala), Aadhar authentication error etc
4. Corruption by fps shop owners and officials
5. Transit loss
6. Insufficient aganawadis

Question 29

Reformation steps taken by govt to make food distribution more effective

Answer 29

1. Onor- seamless use of card across FPS in the country - beneficial to migrants .
2. Aadhar seeding to remove duplicate or ghost beneficiaries
3. Online allocation of food to states via annavitaran portal
4. Decentralising procurement system - schemes like pm Aasha
5. End to end computerisation -Transit loss- Odisha GPS tracking of trucks transferring food grains
6. More than 98% epos
7. Dili annashree Yojana - dbt to those left out of pds system

Question 30

Benefits and challenges of ONOR

Answer 30

Aug 22 min of consumer affairs have reported over 77 crore transactions under ONOR

1. Reduced dependence on 1 FPS
2. Duplication
3. Pos machine
4. Migrant worker
5. Right to food - nfsa

Challenges

1. Epos glitch
2. Delhi or banglore - demand supply mismatch
3. Inclusion exclusion error- construction workers
4. No exact interstate migration data
5. Difficult to migrate other schemes provided along with PDS – Rural employment, mdm, immunization etc
6. Issues of inter state coordination- many states have customized pds according to their needs. Ex;:tamil nadu implements a universal pds in which everyone is entitled

Question 31

Wf for Onor

Answer 31

1. Connect e-shram to onor
2. Dedicated e commerce platform for Onor to reduce logistical challenges
3. In the long run pds should be replaced by food coupon and dbt

Question 32

Potential of gm crops

Answer 32

1. Better agri productivity - ex . Improve reproductive ability of crops ( DMH11)
2. Improved nutritional value - eg: golden rice with higher levels of beta carotene
3. Disease – black sigatoka virus banana
4. Insecticides - bt cotton
5. Env sustainable- icrisat - chickpea ( tolerant to drought), groundnut ( tolerant to foliar diseases)
6. Can reduce dependence on imports - use of HYV oil seeds

Question 33

Issues with gm crops

Answer 33

1. Swaminathan ,Pc Keshavan (biosafety protocol, higher cost- poor farmers)
2. Pests natural mutation- eventually pesticide treadmill.
3. Seed sovereignty - terminator seeds sold by Monsanto
4. biodiversity- Crosspollination- herbicides resistant super weed
5. Offtarget mutations - unintended dna manipulation 🧬
6. Illegal cultivation of Htbt cotton
7. Uniform by design - so if a pest disaster strikes all lost in one go. ( al Gore in his book THE FUTURE)

Question 34

Difficulties faced by horticulture farmers

Answer 34

1. Good quality seeds
2. Input cost higher than food crops - higher fluctuations
3. Rodents, pests
4. Handling, sorting, grading, packaging
5. Cold chain network for transportation
6. Safety net of msp
7. market intelligence
8. Commodity future market not well developed

Question 35

National horticultural mission

Answer 35

1. R&D - good inputs
2. Modernising practices - use of harvester machines to sort out cofee beans
3. Post harvest facilities- ripening chamber, controlled atmosphere storages etc
4. Integrated boards to look after needs of crops - cofee board, cashew board
5. Training entrepreneur
6. Easy credit access

Question 36

NMEO- oil palm components

Answer 36

1. Self sufficient
2. Oil palm cultivation - 1 mn hectares by 2025-26
3. Renumeration under price viability formula
4. 29000 per hectare
5. North East and andaman

Question 37

Benefits of organic farming

Answer 37

Economic survey 2023 - india has 44 lakh organic farmers - highest in the world

1. Reverse the environmental degradation caused by conventional agriculture
2. Better Health of the overall ecosystem
3. Preserve domestic varieties - rahibai popere 43 varieties of 17 crops germ plasm conservation center
4. Business ecosystem - companies perceive better ROI
5. Employment opportunities
6. Better tasting and nutritive food
7. Ecotourism - Italy

Question 38

Issues with organic farming

Answer 38

1. Sikkim
2. High input cost - ex: high quality round the clock manual care
3. Off season crops
4. Support infra. Ex: certifying agencies
5. Marketing problems - inability to obtain premium price
6. Srilankan economic crisis - unplanned shift to organic farming

Question 39

Challenges faced by bee keeping sector in india

Answer 39

1. India has Asian and European honey bee. Italian - best yeild
2. Genetically superior queen bees
3. Credit
4. Cse honey test - 10/13 failed
5. Lack of technical knowledge

Question 40

Why are farmers perpetually in debt

Answer 40

1. Cheap agri loan - health oop, notorious rural weddings
2. Climate, 52% rainfed
   Ex: rice yield is one third of China and half of Vietnam
3. Apmc - One fourth of what customer pay
4. 6% - shantakumar
5. Loose definition of agri credit - often big companies
6. More than 70% loan short term - revenue expenditure than capital expenditure
7. Often small loans - not enough for capital expenditure. Immediate input needs
8. Institutional credit - transaction cost high. Non institutional- interest cost high
9. Hope of a loan waiver

Question 41

Issues with APMC in india / agri marketing

Answer 41

1. 1 APMC serves 450 sq km
2. Road
3. Artificial inflation - apmc Cess+ entry fee + marketing fee etc
4. Unspecified fee — palledari , tullai
5. Monopoly of apmc - notified products only via apmc
6. High entry barrier for trader - license fee, rent — rural and urban elites
7. cartelization of trader - low bid
8. Lack of infra - less than 10% have cold storage , Dara sales
9. Conflict of interest - dual role of regulator and market
10. Fragmented market and price wedges across the country
11. Money lender as arahatiyas

Question 42

Model apmc act

Answer 42

1. Single point levy
2. Ppp in mgmt and Dev of apmc
3. Processing and value addition facilities in apmc
4. pvt players and cooperative license to set up alternative markets
5. Contract farming
6. State agriculture produce marketing stds bureau

Question 43

Benefits of trading in e-nam

Answer 43

Transparent Online Trading
Real-Time Price Discovery
Better Price Realization For Producers
Reduced Transaction Cost For Buyers
Stable Price and Availability to Consumers ( reduction in artificial inflation from farm to fork )
Quality Certification, Warehousing, and Logistics
More Efficient Supply Chain
Payment and Delivery guaranteed
Enhanced Accessibility to the Market

Question 44

Issues with enam

Answer 44

1. Backbone is APMC. Where are the roads and infra for a farmer in remote village
   “1:450 sq km “
2. Common tradable parameter for 90 commodities. But reality - physical inspection
3. Warehouse - because time lag between agreement to sale and actual sale
4. Dispute resolution
5. Well functioning Escrow
6. ~1360/ 7000 ( less than 20% of the Mandi’s)

Question 45

Issue with small landholding

Answer 45

1. Subsistence farming
2. Poor quality input - ouput - cycle of debt
3. Intercropping, livestock , commercial plantation
4. Technology fatigue - economy of scales
5. Banks do not give to small lands

Question 46

Why exessive price fluctuation of perishable goods

Answer 46

1. Monsoon
2. Constricted movt, cold storage
3. Food processing - tomato puree
4. cobweb phenomena
5. If govt resorts to import- landing cost, handling cost
6. Excessive market manupulation ( msp, subsidies) - poor price discovery
7. Fragmented market and price wedges

Question 47

Issues with storage in india

Answer 47

1. 145 mn tonnes , 321 - open ended procurement, proactive liquidation policy
2. Regionally concentrated - 64% in P, H, Andhra, UP, chattisgarh
3. 90% cold storage - potatoes
4. Essential commodities act , policy uncertainty
5. Cover and plinth of fci

Wf
Shanta Kumar commitee
1. Private entrepreneurhip guarantee scheme ( rent + guarantee when used by govt )
2. Cold storage capacity augmentation

Other
1. Silo bag technology, Pusa bins
2. Ashok Dalwai - negotiable warehouse receipts to be scaled up in priority basis - bring in pvt + reduce govt cost
4. Drier infrastructure- dry food grains to adequate levels
6. Proposed grain bank

Question 48

Transport probs

Answer 48

1. Unplanned movements - lack of proper scheduling
2. Proper assessments of requirement at the consignee side
3. railways- unavailability of railway rakes, delay in loading and unloading,
4. Road- costly , less speed, inter state bureaucratic delays

Wf

1. Inland waterways and hinterland ports
2. Containarize - fdi
3. End to end computerisation
4. Reefer trucks for perishable goods ( Shanta Kumar commitee)

Best practice - Kisan rath app

Question 49

Achievements and failures of pm fasal Bhima Yojana

Answer 49

Achievements
1. Largest in independent India, 3rd largest in the world in terms of premium
2. One crop one premium
3. 5.5 crore farmer applications on an average per year
4. Technology
- crop insurance app ( easy enrolment, easy reporting )
- tools like drones, ai
- pmfby portal - for integration of land records
5. Aadhar seeding has helped in speedy settlement directly into farmers account

Issues
1. Lack of coordination among stakeholders — delay in releasing premium by state to insurance
2. Lack of awareness among farmers
3, tenant farmers and share croppers not covered
4. Some states opting out. Ex: Bihar, wb

21% of area in india covered by agri insurance , while In China - 69%, us- 89%

Question 50

Issues with irrigation

Answer 50

1. Depleting resources - 89 sw, 92 gw, day zero ( Niti ayog)
2. Regional variation in monsoon - 48
3. Low water use efficiency
   - 38
   - 2-4 times more than Brazil and China
   - virtual water exports - 10 trillion liters of water in 2014-15
4. Soil salinisation
5. Irrigation and climate change

Question 51

How to improve irrigation and water storage

Answer 51

1. Traditional water harvesting - MNREGA , NGO
2. Micro irrigation - krishi sinchayi Yojana
3. Incentivise - pani bachao pani kamao of Punjab
4. Community led - jakhini village , water use association ( pani samiti )
5. Technology - soil sens
6. Revise cropping pattern - system of rice intensification

Question 52

Define micro irrigation along with benefits

Answer 52

Micro-irrigation is the slow, frequent application of water directly to root zone

Types - sprinkler and drip

Benefits
1. Better water use efficiency
- non-beneficial evaporation is greatly reduced
-flexibility in the timing and amounts of applied water.

2. Energy use efficiency
   - low pressure required
   - use of solar pumps
3. Reduced nutrient leaching
4. Fertigation
5. Prevent seed rotting
6. Reduced growth of weeds
7. Allows for the use of polyethylene mulch.
8. Micro-irrigation can be used to protect small horticultural crops from freezes.

Question 53

Challenges in adopting micro irrigation , govt schemes

Answer 53

1, uninterrupted electricity
2. Expensive
3. Decline in landholdings - economies of scale
4. Greater maintenance requirement

Pm krishi sinchayi Yojana , micro irrigation fund of NABARD

Question 54

Benefits of food processing

Answer 54

Farmers
1. Prevent distress sale
2. Opportunity for offseason employ within rural area - prevent seasonal migration, women agripreneurship
3. Various inputs required by FPI - incentive to farmers to grow diverse crops
4. More investment in farming by private sector - better inputs

Customers
1. Prevent food inflation - ex: availability of tomato purée would have prevented tomato inflation ( Prof . Ashok Gulati )
2. diversity of choice
3. Ease of living

Food security
1. Insurance against climate change and reduced productivity
2. Reduced wastage - 30% post harvest lost ,, 90000 cr lost bcoz of agri waste
3. Malnutrition - millet cookies, millet noodles

Economy
1. Employment generation - 12% employment in r registered manuf sector
2. Export - Indian mango crush great demand in Middle East

Question 55

Challenges of food processing industry

Answer 55

1. Raw materials
   - inconsistency of quality , primitive methods- bakery and cereal
   - pesticide treadmill
   - long and fragmented supply chain
   - IPR laws - PepsiCo issue
   - climate change
2. Capital goods supplier
   - fragmented market with few large players - low value added fabrication and assembly work
   - lack of customised solution
   - lack of R&D - precision required for complex manufacturing
3. Distributor
   - more dependence on road - more time, less reefer trucks ( sausages, frozen pea)
   - railways - no last mile connectivity, less wagon availability
   - high turn around time at ports
4. Banks
   - sme find difficult- stringent criteria, cumbersome process
5. Customers
   - less awareness
   - pessimistic regarding health benefits of processed food

Highly fragmented industry - top 10 players account for less than 10% of market share

Question 56

Wf for food processing industries

Answer 56

1. Contract farming
2. Agri scientists
3. Crop diversification
4. Standing committee on agri in 2018 - district level constitute cold chain monitoring commitee
5. Exploring ppp model for processing and value addition of pulses, fruits and diary
6. Fssai should promote innovations like dosa batter
7. Encourage organised retail
   Ex: Dominos pizza supply chain model

Question 57

Benefits of e-commerce in agri supply chain

Answer 57

Farmers
1. Cut middle man
2. Logistics and payment facility -
Ex Gourmet garden
4. Better marketing - big basket fresho
5. Better exposure - Amazon - Indian darjeeling tea
6. Big market - processed sugar anywhere
7. Inputs - agro star - seeds, fertilizers, pesticides

Customers
1. Easy payment options
1, Women time use - diced coconut, coconut milk
2. Rating system - informed choice

Question 58

Schemes for food processing industry by goi

Answer 58

1. Infrastructure creation - pm Kisan Sampada yojana
   - mega food parks
   - agri processing clusters
   - food testing laboratories
2. PLI scheme for fpi, subcomponent for millet based products
3. pm formalisation of micro food processing enterprises - odop
4. Operation greens-TOP to 22
5. Awareness - food processing week 2.0 under azadi ka Amrit mahotsav

Question 59

Factors determining location of FPI

Answer 59

1. Weight losing, pershable. Ex: tea in tea estates
2. Labor cost
3. Bakery vs oil seed - market
4. Ports- godavari food park, satara food park ,, coastal cities
5. Connectivity
6. Power availability
7. Climate- cool- North West

Question 60

Evolution of land reforms since independence

Answer 60

1. First phase - zamindari abolition act, tenancy reforms, redistribution of land using land celing . Cooperative joint farming
2. 1972 to 85– family as a unit for land celing, green revolution
3. 85- 95— watershed development, drought prone area development, desert area development. Wasteland development agency established
4. Now- improve land revenue administration, clarity in land records, decentralized land management system, agroclimatic regional planning

Question 61

Issues with land reforms in india

Answer 61

1. Failure of initial reforms - legal loopholes,
   - no uniform guidelines across states
   - reverse tenancy and concealed tenancy
2. Rising population- India’s land availablity is 0.12 per capita
3. fragmentation
4. Vulnerable section - women 14%
5. State subject- state not taking up reforms proposed by center like model land leasing act
6. 2/3rd of cases pending in civil court deal with lands
7. Invisbilsation of landless - pm Kisan
8. Land data in siloed govt dept -
9. Rising env concerns

Question 62

How to improve millet consumption

Answer 62

1. Ms Swaminathan foundation in TN
2. Letsmilletcampaign - millets in pizza and risotto in banglore by restaurant
3. State support - odisha millet mission

Question 63

Benefits of land digitisation

Answer 63

1. Ease of doing business
2. Improve land administration, Reliablity of infrastructure
3. Land dispute resolution.
4. Standardized national registry of land records
5. Complement the Rera reforms and build robust urban real estate market

Question 64

Why malnutrition in india

Answer 64

1. Cereal
2. Wash - absorption
3. Nutripuzzles - cereals not replaced with pulses - rising oop
4. Poverty
5. Gender bias- last, least and inadequate
6. Intergenerational - anaemic mother - nfhs 5 57%
7. Socioeconomic- hausala poshan yojana

Question 65

Steps taken by govt to improve millet

Answer 65

1. Budget 23-24 - Shree Anna - Indian institute of millet research Coe
2. National millet mission
3. Sub component under PLI scheme for millet based products
4. Msp - BRJ
5. One district one product - scaling up millet clusters
6. Millets included in POSHAN ABHIYAN
7. State govt - Odisha millet mission

Question 66

Issues with irrigation key words

Answer 66

1. Ground water, surface water
2. Leaching out of nutrients
3. Eutrophication
4. Salinisation
5. Rainfall pattern - not just in irrigated areas but even thousand miles away
6. Waterborne diseases - malaria vector proliferate in irrigated water

Question 67

Overall heading of opportunities of blue economy

Answer 67

1. Fisheries
2. Deep sea mining - poly metallic nodules, placer deposits, ferry sulphide crusts on sea mounts
3. Maritime transport - ports and shipping
4. Ocean energy- tidal, offshore wind
5. Tourism - blue ocean flag beaches

Question 68

Schemes for fisheries sector

Answer 68

1. Matsya Sampada Yojana - 220 lakh metric tonnes by 24-25
2. Fisheries and aquaculture infrastructure development fund
3. Development of dedicated area - sea weed park in Tamil Nadu and 5 fishing harbours
4. Mpeda - shaphari certification scheme for marine products
5. Biometric Id for fisherman
6. Kisan credit cards

** second largest producer, fourth largest exporter**

Question 69

New gene editing guidelines

Answer 69

1. Sdn1, sdn2– institutional biosafety communities
2. Sdn 3 - genome edited crops need approval from geac
3. Appropriate risk assessment
4. Gene recovery in case of off target edits
5. Presence of selection markers

Speed up, reduce time of approval