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Biology 🧬 > 3. Infection And Response > Flashcards

3. Infection And Response Flashcards

1
Q

What is health?

A

Health is a state of physical and mental wellbeing, not just an absence of disease.

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2
Q

What are causes of ill health?

A
  • smoking
  • poor hygiene
  • poor sleep pattern
  • unbalanced diet
  • poor immune system
  • stress
  • physical activity
  • life situations
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3
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A

They are caused by pathogens such as bacteria and viruses that can be passed from person to person, e.g. colds, flu, tuberculosis, chicken pox, hepatitis (B or C), pneumonia

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4
Q

What are non-communicable diseases?

A

Diseases which cannot be passed from person to person, e.g. heart disease, cancer, asthma, allergies, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes

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5
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

Something that increases your chance of getting a disease

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6
Q

What is incidence?

A

The number of people diagnosed with a particular disease in a particular population of people at a particular time

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7
Q

What is prevalence?

A

The number of people who have a particular condition, regardless of whether they were just diagnosed or even whether they’ve been diagnosed at all

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8
Q

What is mortality?

A

The number of deaths per population from a specific disease

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9
Q

What are the risk factors for NCD?

A
  • poor diet
  • smoking
  • exposure to carcinogens
  • artificial UV light
  • lack of exercise
  • excessive alcohol consumption
  • genes
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10
Q

How can different types of disease link together?

A
  • defects in the immune system mean that an individual is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases
  • viruses living in cells can be the trigger for cancers e.g. HPV and cervical cancer
  • immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma
  • severe physical ill health can lead to depression and other mental illnesses
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11
Q

What are viruses?

A

Viruses need to take over a host cell, damage or kill the host cell and may produce toxins. They are very small and not living.

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12
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Bacteria are living organisms that reproduce rapidly at about 20 mins and may produce toxins.

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13
Q

What are fungi?

A

Fungi can be single celled or multicellular complex organisms. Yeast is a type of fungus.

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14
Q

What are some ways infectious diseases can be spread?

A
  • air
  • water
  • touch
  • food
  • animals
  • sex/ body fluids
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15
Q

How are viruses transmitted?

A

They are transmitted by close contact with an infected person.

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16
Q

How do viruses infect people?

A
  • the virus binds to a specific receptor on the host cell surface
  • the virus injects its genetic information into the cell
  • the viral genetic information takes over control of the cell’s metabolism to stop the cells normal synthesis of DNA
  • the host cell makes more of the viral genetic information and viral protein coats
  • whole virus particles are made when the viral protein coats surround the genetic information
  • many virus particles are released when the cell bursts open
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17
Q

What are measles? (How serious, animal/plant, symptoms, how is it spread, is there treatment, how can it be prevented)

A
  • they can cause disease complications or death
  • they are an animal disease
  • some symptoms are a high fever, cough, runny nose and rash
  • it is spread through coughing or sneezing (through air)
  • there is no treatment but there is a vaccine
  • it can be prevented by use of the vaccine
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18
Q

What is HIV/ AIDs? (How serious, animal/plant, symptoms, how is it spread, is there treatment, how can it be prevented)

A
  • it is serious unless treatment
  • it is an animal disease
  • some symptoms are a fever, sore throat and rash
  • it is spread through bodily fluids of an infected person
  • there is no cure but there are effective treatments
  • it can be prevented by wearing protection
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19
Q

What is a tobacco mosaic virus? (How serious, animal/plant, symptoms, how is it spread, is there treatment, how can it be prevented)

A
  • it is very serious
  • it is a plant disease
  • some symptoms are stunting, yellow streaking or spotting
  • it is spread through workers hands or leaves touching other leaves via wounds
  • there is no cure
  • it can be prevented by washing hands and tools and destroying infected plants
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20
Q

Why do bacteria spread quickly?

A
  • they reproduce rapidly
  • they produce poisons (toxins) that damage tissues and make us feel ill
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21
Q

What is gonorrhea? (Type of pathogen, transmission, how to prevent, symptoms, treatments)

A
  • it is a bacterial disease
  • it is transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person
  • it can be prevented by use of protection
  • some symptoms are yellow/ green discharge and pain to urinate
  • the treatment is penicillin
22
Q

What is salmonella? (Type of pathogen, transmission, how to prevent, symptoms, treatments)

A
  • it is a bacterial disease
  • it is transmitted through raw/ unhygienic poultry
  • it is prevented by vaccinating chickens
  • some symptoms are vomiting, fever, cramps and diarrhoea
  • the treatment is antibiotics
23
Q

What is rose black spot? (Type of pathogen, transmission, how to prevent, symptoms, treatments)

A
  • it is a fungal disease
  • it is transmitted through water
  • it can be prevented by early detection
  • some symptoms are purple black patches on leaves and leaf loss
  • it can be treated with fungicide
24
Q

What are protists?

A

They are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that are single celled and microscopic.

25
How is malaria spread?
1. A pregnant female mosquito bites a human infected with malaria and picks up the plasmodium protist gamete cells 2. The sexual phase of plasmodium lifestyle takes place inside the mosquito- the gametes fuse, make copies and migrate to the mosquito salivary glands 3. Infected mosquito bites another human infecting saliva that contains plasmodium cells 4. The protists infect liver cells and multiply asexually 5. Infected liver cells burst releasing protists that infect red blood cells 6. The protists reproduce asexually in red blood cells 7. Infected red blood cells burst releasing protists
26
What are the three barriers for infection in humans?
Skin- stops substances entering the body Cilia- traps dust and organisms Acid- destroys many ingested pathogens
27
What are vectors?
Vectors are insects that spread pathogens.
28
What does a lack of nitrate ions lead to?
Stunted growth and lack of crop production
29
What does a lack of magnesium ions lead to?
Yellow leaves and less sunlight absorption.
30
What are the signs of diseases in plants?
- stunted growth - malformed stems/ leaves - discolouration - spots on leaves - areas of decay - presence of pests - growths (caused by bacteria)
31
What are the 3 ways to detect plant diseases?
- field identification- visual observations - microscopy- use a microscope and a sample of plant tissue - laboratory identification- diagnostic testing to identify pathogens and analyse for DNA/ antigen using monoclonal antibodies
32
What are the physical barriers for plants?
- Cellulose in the cells walls to stop pathogens - Tough waxy cuticle on surface to act as a barrier - Bark on trees that forms a protective layer of dead cells that fall off with pathogens
33
What are the stages of inocculation?
1. Put Bunsen burner onto blue flame 2. Flame loop to sterilise and allow to cool 3. Flame the neck of the bottle by passing through the flame 4. Dip loop into bacteria 5. Flame the neck of the bottle again and replace lid 6. Transfer to agar plate by moving loop side to side 10 times 7. Flame the loop again 8. Turn plate 45 degrees and move loop side to side 3 times again 9. Repeat steps 4-6 two more times 10. Flame loop to finish 11. Put plate in the incubator for 48 hours 12. Observe plate after 48 hours
34
What are antibiotics?
Antibiotics kill bacteria without harming the bodies cells and different bacteria respond to different bacteria. Antibiotics cannot be used to treat viruses because you need only to kill the virus not the bodies cells. Painkillers and other medicines ease symptoms but antibiotics kill pathogens.
35
What are antibiotic resistant bacteria?
The overuse of antibiotics has led to bacteria mutating and becoming resistant to antibiotics. MRSA, a type of bacteria, causes serious wound infection and can no longer be treated by the antibiotic methicillin.
36
What can we do to combat antibiotic resistant bacteria?
- doctors should not over prescribe antibiotics - wear PPE - you should screen for the bacteria before providing antibiotics - good hygiene practices should be use especially when visiting hospitals - if you have MRSA, you will be isolated until the bacteria is killed
37
What do white blood cells do?
The white blood cells engulf bacteria and break them up, produce antibodies which stick to antigens on the surface and produce antitoxins.
38
What is phagocytosis?
1. Recognition and attachment- recognised and binds using receptors 2. Engulfment- extends membrane 3. Formation of phagosome- membrane bound 4. Fusion with lysosome- merges with enzyme 5. Digestion and break down 6. Exocytosis of waste- removal
39
What is a vaccine?
An injection containing a dead or weakened pathogen.
40
How does a vaccine work?
1. White blood cells recognise the pathogen 2. Lymphocytes produce antibodies specific to the antigen on the pathogen 3. The memory cells allow antibodies to produce again if we get ill again
41
What is herd immunity?
If the vast majority of people in a population have a vaccination, even if a small number of people become infected the disease is not likely to spread.
42
Pros and cons of vaccines
Pros- makes herd immunity, minimises infection and death, stop epidemic and pandemic Cons- side effects like fevers or seizures, swelling around the place of the vaccine, not always effective
43
What are the 3 stages of drug development?
- computer modelling - pre-clinical/ testing on living cells - clinical
44
What is computer modelling?
This is when drugs are tested using computer models and human cells in laboratories in a safe and controlled environment. Many drugs will not pass this stage.
45
What are pre- clinical trials?
Testing done predominantly on animals. They will be given doses of the drug and monitored carefully for side effects.
46
What are the 3 types of clinical trials?
Double blind- no one knows who is getting the placebo Blind- doctor knows Open trial- doctor and patient know
47
What are the 3 main stages in clinical trials?
1. Evaluation of SAFETY on 80 people 2. 100+ people involved in finding the effective DOSE 3. 1000+ people involved to identify common SIDE EFFECTS
48
What is a placebo?
A fake drug that has no effect on the body
49
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Identical copied of a single antibody which has been made in a laboratory
50
How are monoclonal antibodies produced? (6)
1. They are produced by stimulating mouse lymphocytes to make a particular antibody, the mouse is stimulated by introducing the specific antigen by injection. 2. The lymphocytes are extracted from the mouse’s spleen 3. The lymphocytes are combined with a particular type of tumour cell. 4. A hybridoma cell is made so the tumour cell divides quickly but can still make the antibody. 5. A single hybridoma cell can be cloned to produce many identical cells that all produce the same antibody 6. A large amount of the antibody can be collected and purified

Biology 🧬 (4 decks)

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