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Biology 🧬 > 2. Organisation > Flashcards

2. Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is an organ?

A

Groups of tissues working together

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2
Q

What is an organism?

A

Several organ systems

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3
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Groups of organs working together

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4
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and function

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5
Q

What is a cell?

A

The building blocks of living organisms

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6
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

The organ that makes and releases digestive juices containing enzymes to break down your food

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7
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

The organ where food is churned with digestive juices and acids (to provide optimum pH)

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8
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

The organ where small digestive molecules are absorbed into the blood stream.

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9
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

The organ where water passes back into the body leaving solid waste

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10
Q

What is the order of cells, organs, organisms, organ systems and tissues?

A

Cell- tissue- organ- organ system- organism

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11
Q

What is the function of the villi?

A
  1. Finger like projections that increase surface area for absorption= increase the rate of diffusion
  2. Thin- 1 cell thick= short diffusion distance
  3. Rich blood capillary network= maintains the concentration gradient
    SO ALL NUTRIENTS ARE ABSORBED INTO THE BLOOD
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12
Q

What are proteins?

A

Polymers made up by monomers called amino acids. There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids but they are arranged in different ways to make different proteins

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13
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst that doesn’t change the reaction

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14
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that increases the rate of chemical reactions

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15
Q

How does an enzyme work?

A
  1. The substrate fits into the active site in the enzyme forming an enzyme- substrate complex
  2. The new products are formed
  3. The enzyme completes the reaction and products are released
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16
Q

What does denatured mean?

A

The active site changes shape

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17
Q

Where is the enzyme amylase produced and found and what does it do?

A

Produced- salivary glands, pancreas
Found- mouth, small intestine
Turns starch into glucose

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18
Q

Where is the enzyme protease produced and found and what does it do?

A

Produced- stomach, pancreas
Found- stomach, small intestine
It turns proteins into amino acids

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19
Q

Where is the enzyme lipase produced and found and what does it do?

A

Produced- pancreas
Found- small intestine
It turns lipids into glycerol + fatty acids

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20
Q

What are the functions of bile?

A
  • it is alkali so neutralises pH which is acidic from the stomach
  • helps to physically break down fats- it is an emulsifier
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21
Q

Does enzyme activity change with concentration?

A

Enzyme activity increases with concentration as the more substrate particles there are, the more likely they are to collide

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22
Q

What are vitamins and minerals needed for?

A

They are needed in small amounts for health

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23
Q

What is fat needed for?

A
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24
Q

What is water needed for?

A

For chemical reactions to take place in the body and bodily fluids

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25
What is fibre needed for?
Provides roughage (bulk) to the intestine to keep food moving through it
26
What are carbohydrates needed for?
As a source of energy
27
What is protein needed for ?
Growth and repair
28
How do you test for starch?
Use iodine and goes from orangey red to blue/ black
29
How do you test for protein?
Use biuret and positive goes to pale purple
30
How do you test for glucose?
Use bendicts and positive goes to red
31
How do you test for fats and lipids?
Use ethanol and if positive it goes cloudy
32
What are some facts about arteries?
- The blood is red and blood moves away from the heart (usually oxygenated except pulmonary artery). - There is high pressure - the walls are thick and muscular and there is a small lumen - no valve
33
What are some facts about veins?
- the blood is purple and moves towards heart (usually deoxygenated except pulmonary vein) - there is low pressure - the walls are thinner and there is a large lumen - there is a valve
34
What are some facts about capillaries?
- this is where the diffusion of gases and nutrients from the blood into the body cells occur - there is a low pressure - the walls are very thin (one cell thick). The lumen only allows one cell through. - there is no valve - they link arteries and veins in a network
35
Where can arteries be located?
At any area where you can find a pulse
36
What is the function of valves?
To stop the blood flowing in the wrong direction
37
What is the circulatory system?
A type of transport system made of a group of organs that work together to move substances around the body. The substances are carried in the blood.
38
What is transported and removed from cells for cellular respiration?
Oxygen and glucose are transported, carbon dioxide and urea are removed
39
What is a closed circulatory system?
The system humans have where the blood is within the vessels. It allows control of: - the speed of blood flow - the pressure of the blood - the distribution of blood in the body
40
How does the circulatory system work with the lungs (6)?
1. Blood picks up oxygen from the lungs and gives out carbon dioxide 2. Oxygenated blood travels back to the heart 3. Oxygenated blood travels from the heart to the body 4. Body cells use oxygen and give blood carbon dioxide 5. Deoxygenated blood travels from the body to the heart 6. Blood travels from the heart to the lungs GASEOUS EXCHANGE OCCURS BETWEEN AIR IN THE ALVEOLI AND THE BLOOD IN NEARBY VESSELS
41
What happens in a single circulatory system?
The blood only goes through the heart once during a single complete circuit of the body
42
What happens in a double circulatory system?
The blood is pumped to the lungs, returned to the heart and then pumped out again to the rest of the body
43
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a single circulatory system?
Advantages- blood only passes through once so diffusion is fast Disadvantages- blood flow rate and blood pressure falls when blood leaves gills - low blood pressure would be insufficient for mammal kidney - fluid must be moved in the correct direction
44
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a double circulatory system?
Advantages- better for mammals as it increases the pressure and therefore the flow rate of blood supplied to tissues via systemic circulation - blood is supplied to tissues quickly so chemical reactions can occur quickly Disadvantages- high blood pressure must be maintained to ensure efficient pumping of blood around the body
45
What are some facts about the alveoli?
- they are structurally adapted for gaseous exchange - they are covered by a network of blood vessels called the lung capillaries - the alveoli walls are only one cell thick = short diffusion pathway to the blood vessels - there is a large combined surface area so large amounts of gases are exchanged with the blood in each breath
46
What are some facts about the heart?
- the heart is made of muscle - heart muscle continually contracts and relaxes - it uses a lot of energy - the heart muscle receives oxygen and glucose for respiration from the blood brought by the coronary artery
47
What is the order of the flow of blood through the heart (6)
1. Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium through the vena cava 2. Deoxygenated blood enters the right ventricles 3. When the ventricular wall contracts, blood is pushed out of the pulmonary artery and travels to the lungs, where it becomes oxygenated again 4. Oxygenated blood from the lungs flows through the pulmonary vein and into the left atrium 5. Oxygenated blood enters the left ventricle 6. When the muscular walls contracts, the blood is pushed out of the aorta and it circulates around the body
48
What is coronary heart disease?
The term that describes what happens when your heart’s blood supply is blocked or interrupted by a build up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries. It is the most common type of heart and circulatory disease and the most common cause of heart attack.
49
What are the causes of CHD?
- smoking - high blood pressure - high cholesterol - lack of exercise - diabetes - high levels of lipoprotein
50
What are the ways to prevent CHD?
- eat a healthy balanced diet - be more physically active - keep a healthy weight - give up smoking - reduce alcohol consumption - keep blood pressure and diabetes under control- take prescribed medicine
51
How does CHD cause a heart attack? (6)
1. The lining of the coronary arteries is damaged 2. Fatty deposits including cholesterol build up on walls of arteries and form plaques (atheroma) 3. The deposits continue building up causing arteries to narrow, limiting blood flow to heart (atherosclerosis) 4. Person may feel chest pain (angina) as parts of heart muscle no longer receive oxygen 5. If deposits continue to build up or part of the plaque breaks off and causes a blood clot, the artery may become completely blocked, cutting off blood flow to part of the heart muscle. This causes a heart attack.
52
What are statins?
- drugs to help lower cholesterol in blood (increase liver production) - has to be taken long term - pregnant people or people with liver disease can’t have it - can cause headaches, memory loss, linked with diabetes and liver damage - could protect against Alzheimer’s
53
What are stents?
- devices consisting of a wire push tube to help keep narrowed/ blocked arteries open - safe operation, no surgery - risk of bleeding, heart attack or stroke
54
What are Beta Blockers?
- drugs that lower blood pressure- no heart attacks - could become tired, often no side effects
55
What is bypass surgery?
- surgery where blood bypasses narrowed/ blocked parts of coronary artery - takes blood vessel from elsewhere - gives better sleep, mental health and more - could have irregular heart beat/ other complications
56
What are the 4 components of blood?
Plasma, platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells
57
What is the function of the red blood cells?
To carry oxygen
58
What is the function of the white blood cells?
Helps to body to fight infections by ingesting pathogens and producing antibodies and antitoxins
59
What is the function of the platelets?
They cause the blood to clot and scabs to form
60
What it the function of the plasma?
The red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are suspended in this. This component carries substances such as enzymes, glucose, carbon dioxide, water and proteins

Biology 🧬 (4 decks)

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