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Biology 🧬 > 1. Cell Biology > Flashcards

1. Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

The large, membrane bound organelle that contains the genetic material in the form of multiple linear DNA molecules organised into structures called chromosomes. They control the cells activities.

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2
Q

What are organelles?

A

The ‘things’ inside a cell

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3
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

They are for animals and plants

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4
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

They are for bacteria

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5
Q

What are the differences between animal and plant cells?

A

Plant cells have a cell wall, vacuole and chloroplasts which animal cells do not have

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6
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

To control the cells activities

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7
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

This is where most chemical reactions occur

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8
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

To control which substances enter and exit the cell

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9
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

To keep the cell rigid

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10
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Respiration reactions occur here to release energy

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11
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

It contains cell sap to give the cell structure

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12
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

This is where protein synthesis occurs.

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13
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Contains the pigment chlorophyll which absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis

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14
Q

What is magnification?

A

The action of magnifying something or the process of being magnified. To enlarge/ make an object bigger.

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15
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish between two separate points.

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16
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a light microscope?

A

Advantages - cheap, small, lighter
Disadvantages- low magnification, low resolution

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17
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of electron microscopes?

A

Advantages- higher magnification, higher resolution (we can see organelles more clearly)
Disadvantages- heavy, large, expensive, specimens have to be coated in metal.

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18
Q

What is the equation to find out the magnification of a microscope?

A

Magnification of a microscope= magnification of eyepiece lens X magnification of objective lens

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19
Q

How do you change the magnification of a microscope?

A

Rotate the objective lens

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20
Q

How do you change the resolution of a microscope?

A

Turn coarse focus knob to move the stage and turn fine focus knob to fine tune the image.

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21
Q

What does image size equal?

A

Image size= actual size X magnification

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22
Q

What is differentiation?

A

When a cell becomes specialised for its function.

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23
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells that are used to replace worn out cells. They have the potential to differentiate or specialise into any type of cell.

24
Q

What are the types of stem cell?

A

Tissue-specific , embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells

25
What are some facts about adult stem cells?
- they are multi potent (can only make some types of cell) - found in children and adults - higher chance of rejection - less likely to cause cancers/ tumours - less controversial - less expensive
26
What are some facts about embryonic stem cells?
- they are pluripotent (can make any type of cell) - there are clinical, ethical and social issues - found in embryos (3-5 days old) - lower risk of rejection - may cause cancers/ tumours - more expensive
27
What are the adaptations of a sperm cell?
They have a tail to swim and lots of mitochondria
28
What are the adaptations of a nerve cell?
They have dendrites (branches to receive nerve impulses from other neurons) and are long
29
What are the adaptations of a muscle cell?
They have lots of mitochondria and contract and relax
30
What are the adaptations of a root hair cell?
They are long and thin and absorb water and nutrients
31
What is a xylem cell for?
Transporting water
32
What is a phloem cell for?
Transporting glucose
33
What is the equation for respiration?
Oxygen + glucose = carbon dioxide + water
34
What are some facts about eukaryotic cells?
Their DNA is enclosed in a nucleus and their organelles are membrane bound
35
What are some facts about prokaryotic cells?
They have plasmid DNA in their cytoplasm and have no organelles except mitochondria and ribosomes
36
What is the definition of DNA?
The molecule of inheritance that exists inside all of our cells
37
What are the adaptations of a red blood cell?
They have no nucleus
38
What is the definition of a karyotype?
A set of 23 chromosomes (the particular number and appearance)
39
What are the stages of mitosis?
1. The DNA is replicated 2. The long DNA strands coil into chromosomes 3. The nuclear membrane breaks down and the chromosomes line up along the centre of the cell 4. Cells fibres attach to the chromosomes and pull them apart 5. Membranes form around each set of chromosomes, making the nuclei of the new cells 6. The cytoplasm then divides and two new identical cells are made
40
What is the definition of mitosis?
A part of the cell cycle where a cell divides producing two identical cells
41
What is cancer?
Where some body cells divide uncontrollably that have damaged DNA. They cells can spread and invade other organs.
42
What is the definition of malignant?
Cells that have the ability to invade other organs in a tumour. If the tumour is spread to another body part, the type of cancer stays the same.
43
What is the definition of benign?
Non-cancerous tumours that do not spread to other body parts.
44
What is the definition of diffusion?
The net movement of particles from a high concentration to a lower concentration and it is a passive process so requires no energy.
45
What is the definition of a concentration gradient?
The difference in concentration
46
What is the definition of osmosis?
The diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane. A process that moves down the concentration gradient and is passive so requires no energy.
47
What is a solution?
When a solute dissolves in a solvent
48
What is a solute?
A substance that can be dissolved in a solvent (liquid)
49
What is a solvent?
Solutes are dissolved in this
50
What does soluble mean?
A substance that can dissolve/ is dissolvable
51
What is the definition of a partially permeable membrane?
A membrane that only lets certain smaller molecules in and out. They have tiny pores/ channels
52
What does turgid mean?
When a plant cell has a high water concentration and swells up and does not burst
53
What dooes flaccid mean?
When a plant cell has a low water concentration and shrinks. It becomes plasmolysed (cell membrane completely detaches from cell wall)
54
What is the definition of active transport?
The movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against the concentration gradient. It requires energy and a carrier protein.
55
How does glucose get into the blood?
- glucose transfers into the small intestine - diffusion of the glucose occurs from an area of high concentration (small intestine) to an area of low concentration (blood) - now concentrations switch - a carrier protein starts active transport of the glucose from the area of low concentration (small intestine) to the area of high concentration (blood) using energy - the glucose is then fully in the blood
56
What are the adaptations of a ciliated epithelial cell?
- thin layer of moving hairs (cilia) - extra mitochondria

Biology 🧬 (4 decks)

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