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SF1 - Test 1 > 3 - Hatcher - Neurohistology > Flashcards

3 - Hatcher - Neurohistology Flashcards

1
Q

Location of Neuronal Cell Bodies: CNS

A

Gray matter

Deep nuclei

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2
Q

Location of Neuronal Cell Bodies: PNS

A

Ganglia

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3
Q

Ganglia

A

Collection of nervous cell bodies outside central nervous system

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4
Q

Location of Neuronal Axons: CNS

A

White matter

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5
Q

Location of Neuronal Axons: PNS

A

Nerves

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6
Q

Supporting Cells: CNS

A

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Microglia

Ependymal Cells

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7
Q

Supporting Cells: PNS

A

Schwanna Cells

Satellite Cells

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8
Q

What are the conducting cells of the nervous system?

Non-conducting (support)?

A

Conducting = Neurons

Non-conductin = all the support cells

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9
Q

Where does the action potential start?

A

Axon Hillock

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10
Q

Myelinators of CNS / PNS?

A

CNS - Oligodendrocytes (multiple)

PNS - Schwann Cells (single)

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11
Q

What is implicated as defective in multiple sclerosis?

A

Myelination; Oligodendrocytes / Schwann Cells

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12
Q

Nissl Bodies

A

Large granulous body found in neurons; protein synthesis

Rough endopolasmic reticulum/Polyribosomes

Found in Soma / Dendrites, not Axon

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13
Q

Lipofuscin

A

Lipid filled breakdown product of lysosomes, may be a sign of cellular degradation

Found in soma

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14
Q

Dendritic Spines

A

Increase surface area for synapses

Important in neural plasticity–dynamic

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15
Q

Axonal Transport - Anterograde

A

Soma to Axon

Kinesin

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16
Q

Axonal Transport - Retrograde

A

Axon to Soma

Dynein

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17
Q

What is the most common target for pharmaceuticals in the neural interaction?

A

Synapse

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18
Q
A

Arrows = Syntaptic clefts

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19
Q

What will differentiate between pre, post synaptic vessicle on imagery?

A

Prescence of vessicles = pre

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20
Q

What type of neurons are motor neurons and interneurons?

(most common neuron and interneuron)

A

Multipolar neuron

Many dendrites

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21
Q

What type of neuron are many special sensory neurons (vision, olfaction, hearing)?

A

Bipolar

Single long dendrite and axon

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22
Q

Pseudo Unipolar Neuron

Peripheral process vs Central process

Where are cell bodies clustered?

A

Single, long axon

Periphery = from the periphery

Central = to the CNS

Cell bodies are grouped in root ganglia

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23
Q

Type?

Functions?

A

Astocytes

Types: Fibrous = white matter, Protoplasmic = gray matter

Functions:

  1. Blood-brain barrier (protective)
  2. Nutritional support, uptake neurotransmitters, regulate extracellular [Ion}
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24
Q

Functions?

A

Ependymal Cells

Line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord

produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Ends have cilia and microvilli

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25
Q

Functions?

What are these derived from?

A

Microglia – resident macrophage

Immune surveillance

Derived from monocytes, circulate to brain, and stay. Over activation = bad

26
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Small cell with cytoplasmic extensions, myelinates axons in the CNS

Can myelinate multiple internodes of multiple neurons

27
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Wraps one internode of one neuron

Many layers, cytoplasm is squeezed out

28
Q

How are unmyelinated small diameter axons supported?

What is major difference?

A

Either in trunks or networks, still by Schwann Cells

Unmyelinated Schwann Cells will be single layer, and have cytoplasm.

Myelinated are many layers, with the cytoplasm squeezed out.

29
Q

What is the normal order for nerve repair following injury?

A
  1. Distal fiber degenerates, macrophage removes debris
  2. Muscle fibers atrophy, Axon grows, protected by cord of Schwann Cells
  3. Never regenerated, innervation of muscle restored
30
Q

Gray Matter and White Matter Organization in CNS

Brain vs Spinal Cord

A

Brain - Gray Out, White In

Spinal Cord - White Out, Gray In

31
Q

Gray Matter

A

Cell bodies of dendrites and neurons

Glia

32
Q

White Matter

A

Myelinated axons of neurons

Glia

33
Q

Meninges

A

Connective tissue membranes that wrap the brain and spinal cord

34
Q

Dura Mater

Two layers?

A

Outermost and toughest CT membrane, double layer.

  1. Periosteal Layer: Attached to bone of skull, trauma may cause epidural hematoma
  2. Meningeal Layer: Separate to form walls of dural sinus, and rejoin to form dural fold (two layers of meningeal layer)
35
Q

What is formed when lperiosteal and meningeal layers separate?

What separates the L/R brain?

A

Venous sinus

Dural Fold

36
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Middle layer

CSF beneath

37
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

Layer between arachnoid and pia mater, contains CSF

38
Q

Pia Mater

A

Bottom later of meninges, highly vascularized, goes with folds, 1-cell thick

39
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Gray matter, outer layer

Organized into first 6 layers–main output layer is 5

Pyramid Shape cells

40
Q
A

Cerebral cortex

41
Q

Layers of Cerebellar Cortex

A

Molecular

Purkinje

Granular

42
Q

What is the entry and exit of nerves in the spinal cord?

A

Posterior: Dorsal Horn - Somatosensory Neurons (sensory - back)

Anterior: Ventral Horn - Somatomotor Neurons (motor - front)

43
Q
A

N = motor neurons

T = tracts of axons

44
Q

Connective Tissue Covering Nerves in PNS:

Superficial to Deep (Out to In)

A

Epineurium (entire nerve)

Perineurium (bundles - fascicles)

Endoneurium (individual axon)

45
Q
A

Sensory ganglion

46
Q
A

Sympathetic Ganglia

47
Q

Meissner’s

(Tactile Corpuscles)

A

Light touch, texture

48
Q

Pacinian

(Lamella Corpuscles)

A

Deep pressure, vibration, stretch

49
Q
A

Left = Meissner (Tactile)

Right = Pacinian (Lamellar)

50
Q

Filiform Papillae

A

Smallest, most numberous w/keratinized tips

Not for tasting

Cats cleaning bristle tongue*

51
Q

Fungiform Papillae

A

Mushroom shaped, scattered.

Taste buds

52
Q

Circumvallate Papillae

A

Directly anterior to sulcus terminalis (V)

Taste buds in lateral aspects

53
Q

Foliate papillae

A

Posterolatero aspect of tongue, taste, but not well developed in humans

54
Q
A
55
Q

Taste Bud contents

A

Epithelial derived taste receptor cells

Supporting sustentacular cells

Basal cells at bottom

56
Q

What is first contact in tastebuds?

A

Receptor Cells–not with neuron

57
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

Upper 1/3 of the nasal cavith, has bipolar neurons, for transmission of odor molecules

Cranial Nerve 1

58
Q

Cribriform Plate

A

Holes in this structure of the ethmoid bone allow bipolar olfactory sensory neurons to move through bone to the synapse with neurons in the olfactory bulb

59
Q
A

Olfactory Epithelium

60
Q
A

SF1 - Test 1 (7 decks)

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