2 - Zill - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Legal Definition of Death

A

Irreversible cessation of function of nervous system

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2
Q

You just stepped on a nail, how does the signal get to your nervous system?

A

Afferent Axon conducts toward CNS on sensory neuron

Motor Neuron conducts on Efferent Axon away from CNS to lift leg

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3
Q

What can be used to test nervous system function and locate site of lesion?

A

Reflex tests

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4
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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5
Q

Cervical Spinal Nerves exit point?

C1-C7

C8 and all others

A

C1-C7:

Above corresponding vertebrae

C8-all:

Below corresponding vertebrae

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6
Q

Somatic Nervous System

Efferents v Afferents

A

Voluntary, conscious movement

Efferents: Control skeletal muscles, volunary activities, conscious actions

Afferents: Sense of body position, sensation of touch, pain, pressure

SAME:

Sensory

Afferents

Motor

Efferents

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7
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Involuntary, unconscious part of nervous system

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8
Q

Visceral Efferents

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic, control smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, and internal organs.

Largely unconscious–automatic

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9
Q

Where are the Autonomic, Sympathetic Chain of Ganglia located?

A

para (side) vertebral

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10
Q

Where do the dorsal and ventral roots combine?

A

Spinal nerve

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11
Q

Where are cell bodies of all sensory neurons located?

A

Doral Root Ganglion

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12
Q

Dermatome

A

Area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve

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13
Q

What are dermatomes used for clinically?

A

Testing nerve damage, anesthesia

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14
Q

What are the dermatomes of the hand?

A

Thumb = C6

Pointer, Middle = C7

Ring, Littler = C8

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15
Q

What level of a herniated disc would produce numbness of the thumb?

A

Thumb = C6,

So herniation ABOVE: C5 and C6

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16
Q

What level of herniated disc would produce numbness in the little finger?

A

Little finger = C8

Rule: C1-C7 = Above, C8 = Below

Herniation between C7 - T1

17
Q

Spinal Nerves, how many of each?

A

Cervical - 8

Thoracic - 12

Lumbar - 5

Sacral - 5

Coccygeal - 1

18
Q

What is the rule for exiting of spinal nerves?

A

C1-C7 = Above

At C8 and below = Below

19
Q

Dermatomes of the lower extremity:

Inguinal Ligament (anterior to hip)

Big Toe

Little Toe

A

Inguinal Ligament - L1

Big Toe - L4

Little Toe - S1

20
Q

Dorsal Ramus

Ventral Ramus

A

Dorsal Ramus - Sensory and motor axons to region of back

Ventral Ramus - Sensory and motor acons to other parts of body

21
Q

Plexus

Lumbosacral Plexus

A

Forms from ventral rami of spinal nerves

Lumbosacral - innervates lower extremity

22
Q

Conus Medullaris

Location in Newborn?

Location in Adult?

A

Where spinal cord ends

Newborn: L3

Adult: L1

23
Q

Cauda Equina

A

Dorsal and ventral roots that grow down from the conus medullaris

24
Q

Dura Mater

Where does the dural sac end?

A

Tough outer layer around spinal cord, below L1 adult (L3 newborn), dural sac surround cauda equina.

Dural sac ends inferiorly at S2

25
Q

Epidural Space

What does this space contain?

A

Separation of dural sac from inner side of vertebral canal

Also contains Internal Vertebral Venous Plexus

Only VEINS and FAT

26
Q

Epidural Anesthesia

A

Can block conduction in spinal nerves by injection into epidural space; effect is by diffusion.

27
Q

Arachnoid Layer

Subarachnoid Layer

A

Attached to inner side of dura, has fine strands that extend to the pia mater

Subarachnoid layer contains CSF

28
Q

Pia Mater

A

Thin layer, contains blood vessels supplying cord.

29
Q

Denticulate Ligaments

Use?

A

Projections of pia on each side of cord that extend to arachnoid to inner dura; 21 pairs stabilize spinal cord.

Used as landmarks in neurosurgery

30
Q

Filum Terminale

A

Thin strand of Pia that extends below Conus Medullaris, pierces S2, attaches to Co1

31
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexuses, mostly in brain

32
Q

Spinal Tap location?

A

Must be below Conus Medullaris (inferior to)

Adult: Between L3-L4, or L4-L5

***Children: L4-L5*** (spinal cord extends to L3)

33
Q

Where does the dural sac end?

Where does the filum terminale end and attaches?

Where does the spinal cord end in children/adults?

A

Dural Sac - S2

Filum Terminal End/Attach - Co1

Spinal Cord End:

Adult - L1

Child - L3

34
Q

What yields the first and second pop during a spinal tap?

A

Ligamentum Flavum (sudden yield, first pop)

Dura mater (sudden yield, second pop)

35
Q
A