3- Global Governance: Environmental Flashcards
Environment: collective dilemmas
- rising sea levels
- pollution in Ozone
- space- 500k sattelites
- Tragedy of Commons - states are selfish and will do anything to advance
- Garret Hardin 1968 “mankind greed is depleting the resources of global commons”
Environment: Significance of UNFCCC
- set up in 1992
- 197 states joined/ international legitimi
- intergovernmental panel on Climate ch.
- issued warning in 2018 saying global investments need 2.5% of GDP to transform world and reduce CO2 by 45% by 2030
Environment: Deep vs Shallow green
Shallow - environments needs to be protected for Human survival
Deep green: humans have a duty to not exploit planet - moral imperative
Environment: Sustainable development
- development must not damage env for future gen
- 2015 - sustainable goals set up
- N-S put their own interests before humanity
- states will not commit as they woulnt want to fall behind - China set to reach 2050 net zero by 2080
Environment: developed vs undeveloped
- uneven burden
- developed world is polluting since industrial rev
- economy is priority
- coal usage risen in China/India/China produced 4.1bn tonnes of raw coal, increasing by 5.7% year/coal consumption increased by 4.6%
- Big Oil/TNCs - big role
- big countries withdraw - Bush/Trump paris treaty/2018 word meteorlocial org
Environment: Role of NGOs/activists + lobby + gates
- greenpeace + friends of the earth lobby
- Greta Thunburg / Swedish activist
- 2018 - UN said 7k cities and 6k TNCS committed to cut carbon
- the breakthrough energy coalitions - Gates/Bezos provide financial support for comp to cut down C02
Environment: is effective action being taken to solve Climate Change? (Yes)
- reducing C02 threatens economy making it a significant achievement
- EU pledged to cut 40% of 1990 levels by 2030
- UNFCCC+ IPCC warned ppl - reports
- extinction rebellion-2022 April / top ppl
- C40 provides forum for top 90cities to reduce climate change
- green capitalism - solar panels
Environment: is effective action being taken to solve climate change? (No)
- mandatory targets not agreed
- N-S may decide own small targets to protect economy
- Russias INDC have been labelled “critically insufficient”
- 2018 - IPCC said likely to increase to 3°
- Bush 2001/ Trump 2017 Paris withdraw/set precedent
- fossil fuels are cheaper than green
- aircraft fuel - C02 from 4bil to 7bil ppl
Environment:Rio De Janerio 1992
ADV: - 172 nations attended - NGOs rep - govts given choice to adopt UNFCCC
DISADV: - not legally enforceable -failed to reach consensus - most resp put on developed countries so USA less willing to cooperate/felt discriminated
Environment: Kyoto 1997
ADV: - 37 countries given targets - 2012 target to reduce C02 by 6% - encouraged NS to exceed target emissions
DISADV: - BRIC exempt C02 - chinas emmissions increased 300% - Bush withdrew in 2001 given 7% target - to be enforced had to be agreed by 55% only started in 05’ Rus
Environment: Copenhagen 2009
ADV: - temps needed to be kept at 2° below preindustrial - 1st time china accepted role - 8% carbon emitters agreed - world pledged $100mil to aid
DISADV: - no goals set - no penalitiesnfor failed targets- no methods for carbon reduction - failed urgency
Environmemt: Paris 2015
ADV: - set temp rise limit 1.5° - 2019 184 countries ratified treaty/ 88% of C02 - NS monitored to encourage compliance- coal to be phased out
DISADV:- NS allowed to decide cuts/unprepared to agree - failed to meet 1.5° target-$100 billion finance delayed to 23’
Environment: obstacles to international cooperation
- NS put interests before global
- 2017 Trump withdrew Paris agreement
- 2019: Brazil condemned G7/France for offering Brazil forest fire aid
Climate and politics
- fake pledges/China fake sustainability stickers
- empty promises - biden paid lip service to cut down on CO2 but a deal authorised the release of 180 million bbl of oil from the US strategic petroleum reserve (SPR)- largest in us history
Economy and climate
- capitalism perpetuates the damaging of the environment
- promotes consumer culture - cheap products = more waste/companies damage the environment by $2 bil
- examples: shien- hazardous and non-biodegradeable microplastics - worth $100 billion /primark - paper bags
- greenwashing: unjustified claims of being environmentally freindly - volkswagen and coke
