(3) Experiments Flashcards

1
Q

Describe 3 Characteristics of LAB EXPERIMENTS

and what type of data is collected

A
  • MOST SCIENTIFIC method researcher can use
  • TIGHTLY CONTROLLED
  • ARTIFICIAL ENVIRONMENT

QUANTITATIVE data is collected- positivists

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2
Q

Describe 3 Characteristics of the RELIABILITY of LAB EXPERIMENTS

A
  • can be REPLICATED EXACTLY again
  • should PRODUCE the SAME RESULTS EVERY TIME
  • SCIENTISTS’ personal FEELINGS/opinions have NO IMPACT on the RESULTS or outcomes
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3
Q

What are 3 PRACTICAL ISSUES of LAB EXPERIMENTS

A
  • HAWTHORNE EFFECT - a lab experiment is an ARTIFICIAL ENVIRONMENT , and ANY BEHAVIOUR that occurs in it MAY be ARTIFICIAL. If they know they’re being experimented on they may act differently
  • INDIVIDUALS ARE COMPLEX - it’s NOT POSSIBLE to MATCH the MEMBERS of the control, and experimental groups EXACTLY. While we can find the identical samples of chemicals , NO TWO HUMANS are EXACTLY ALIKE
  • SMALL SAMPLES - lab experiments can ONLY STUDY SMALL SAMPLES are NOT SUITABLE for LARGE SCALE phenomena
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4
Q

What are 2 ETHICAL ISSUES of LAB EXPERIMENTS

A
  • LACK OF INFORMED CONSENT - informing subjects of ALL the DETAILS of the EXPERIMENT can be SELF-DEFEATING and therefore SUBJECTS MUST BE DECEIVED so they DON’T ACT DIFFERENTLY

HARM - experiments can harm subjects MENTALLY and PHYSICALLY like in MILGRIM obedience experiment

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5
Q

What are 3 THEORETICAL ISSUES of LAB EXPERIMENTS

3 reasons positivists

A

POSITIVISTS favour LAB Experiments as :

  • the ORGINAL EXPERIMENTER can CONTROL the CONDITIONS and SPECIFY the PRECISE STEPS needed to REPEAT It
  • it PRODUCES QUALITATIVE DATA that can EASILY be COMPARED to Original
  • It’s DETACHED and OBJECTIVE method : the researcher manipulates the variables and records the results. their SUBJECTIVE FEELINGS have NO EFFECT on the OUTCOME of the experiment
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6
Q

What are 5 WAYS LAB Experiments can be used to STUDY ISSUES in EDUCATION

A
  • TEACHER EXPECTATIONS
  • CLASSROOM INTERACTION
  • LABELLING
  • PUPILS’ SELF-CONECPETS
  • SELF FULFILLING PROPHECY
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7
Q

Who are 2 RESEARCHERS that have used LAB EXPERIMENTS to investigate TEACHER EXPECTATIONS

A
  • HARVEY and SLATIN

- MASON

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8
Q

Explain HARVEY and SLATIN’S Lab Experiment on TEACHER EXPECTATIONS

A

examined WHETHER TEACHERS had PRE CONCEIVED ideas ABOUT PUPILS of DIFFERENT SOCIAL CLASS
sample of 96 teachers

SHOWN PHOTOGRAPHS of CHILDREN , were EQUALLY DIVIDED in terms of GENDER and ETHNICITY
teachers had to RATE CHILDREN in terms of their ATTITUDES to education.
RESEARCH SHOWED that LOWER CLASS students were RATED LESS FAVOURABLY

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9
Q

What is an ARTIFICALITY ISSUE and an ETHICAL ISSUE of HARVEY and SLATIN’S Lab Experiments

A

Artificiality - used PHOTOGRAPHS of Pupils RATHER than REAL PUPILS

Ethical Issue - NO USE of REAL PUPILS

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10
Q

Explain MASON’S LAB EXPERIMENT on TEACHER EXPECTATION

A

looked at WHETHER NEGATIVE or POSITIVE Expectation had the GREATER EFFECT

  • TEACHERS GIVEN Positive, Negative or Neutral reports on a pupil
  • OBSERVED Video Recording of PUPILS TAKING a TEST, watching to see If Any Errors were Made
  • were ASKED to PREDICT the Pupils End of Year ATTAINMENT

found that NEGATIVE REPORTS had a much GREATER INPACT than the Positive Ones on TEACHER EXPECTATION

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11
Q

What are 2 PRACTICAL ISSUES of Methods in Context - LAB Experiments

A

For TEACHER EXPECTATION:

  • EXPECTATION may be INFLUENCED by OTHER VARIABLES such as Class Size, Streaming, Type of School
  • IMPOSSIBLE to IDENTIFY and therefore CONTROL ALL the VARIABLES that might INFLUENCE Teacher Expectation
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12
Q

What are NARROW FOCUS points for Methods in Context - Lab Experiments

A

For TEACHER EXPECTATION:

  • ONLY EXAMINE ONE ASPECT of teacher expectation such as Body Language
  • USEFUL - allows RESEARCHER to EXAMINE this SPECIFIC Variable MORE THROUGHLY
  • NOT USEFUL - teacher expectations NOT SEEN Within the wider process of labelling and sfp
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13
Q

What are 2 Other LAB EXPERIMENTS that are not Harvey&Slatin and Mason

A

ZIMBARDO - school into PRISON experiement

MILGRIM - fake electric shock , OBEDIENCE experiement

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14
Q

What do FIELD EXPERIMENTS AIM to OVERCOME of Lab Experiments?

A

aims to OVERCOME UNNATURALNESS and LACK OF VALIDITY of Lab Experiments

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15
Q

What are 3 Characteristics of FIELD EXPERIMENTS

A
  • takes place in subject’s NATURAL SURROUNDINGS
  • those involved DON’T KNOW THEY’RE SUBJECTS of an experiment - AVOIDS HAWTHORNE EFFECT
  • RESEARCHER ISOLATES and MANIPULAYES one or more of the VARIABLES to see effect on subjects of the experiment
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16
Q

What was WOOD ET AL’S Field Experiement Study?

A

WOOD ET ALL (2010) - SENDING APPLICATIONS to over 1000 Jobs apparently from 3 applicants of different ethnicities

17
Q

What are 2 ADVANTAGES and 2 DISADVANTAGES of FIELD EXPERIMENTS

A

+ MORE NATURAL and VALID for REAL LIFE
+ AVOIDS ARTIFICALITY of LAB Experiments

  • MORE NATURAL and REALISTIC situation = LESS CONTROL over VARIABLES. Cannot be certain we have found the true cause
  • UNETHICAL - carry out experiments on SUBJECTS WITHOUT KNOWLEDGE or CONSENT
18
Q

Explain an MIC Example of FIELD EXPERIMENT - Rosenthal & Jacobson on Teacher Expectations

A

ROSENTHAL & JACOBSON (1968) - PUPILS GIVEN IQ Test, TEACHERS were then told that these IDENTIFIED 20% of Pupils who were LIKELY to ‘SPURT’.
Pupils were actually CHOSEN at RANDOM

Pupils RESTED 8 Months later then after a further year

SPUTTERS had the GREATEST IMPROVEMENT

19
Q

What are 2 ETHICAL ISSUES of ROSENTHAL

A
  • Both PUPILS and TEACHERS had experienced DECEPTION about the TRUE NATURE of the RESEARCH and as such had Not been able to Offer Informed Consent
  • Issue of PSYCHOLOGICAL HARM caused to PUPILS - experiment Unlikely to be carried out Today where Children have More Rights and schools duty of care
20
Q

Describe the RELIABILITY of ROSENTHAL & JACOBSON’S Field Experiment

A

study WASN’T REPLICABLE due to SO MANY POSSIBLE VARIABLES it couldn’t be repeated exactly

21
Q

What was the BROADER FOCUS of ROSENTHAL & JACOBSON’S Field Experiment?

A

Looked at the WHOLE LABELLING PROCESS rather than examining single elements in isolation

Study was Longitudinal , identify trends over time