3. Endocrinology

Question 1

Androgens

Answer 1

High testosterone-estrogen levels cause lateral growth in cheekbones, mandible and chin
Eyebrow ridge grow forward, lenghtening of facial bones

Question 2

Erectile dysfunction

Answer 2

Problem in hydraulic effect of blood entering the penis
Cause: cardiovascular, neurologica, psychological, hormonal, drugs
Treatment: phosphodiesterase inhibitors

Question 3

Hormonal signaling

Answer 3

Neurotransmitters
Endocrine (nonneuronal and neurosecretory)
Paracrine (diffusion across longer distances)
Autocrine (affects itself)
Juxtacrine (2 neighboring cells signaling each other through touch)

Question 4

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors

Answer 4

Decrease intracellullar calcium to relax smooth muscle cells, so blood can flow in
Increase cGMP levels hence decrease in calcium

Question 5

Testosterone

Answer 5

Stimulates spermatogenesis
Affect CNS function (libido, related behavior)
Stimulates metabolism (protein synthesis, blood cell formation, muscle growth)
Establishes secondary male sex characteristics
Maintains accessory glands and organs of male reproductive tract
DHT

Question 6

Endocrine vs exocrine

Answer 6

Endocrine: secretion in bloodstream
Exocrine: ducts to exterior epithelial surface

Question 7

Hormone synthesis during primary follicle enlargement

Answer 7

Androstenedione production
Granulosa cells convert to estrogens
Estradriol (most important, peaks before ovulation)

Question 8

Regulatory systems

Answer 8

Positive feedforward, negative feedback, positive feedback

Question 9

DHT (dihydro-testosterone)

Answer 9

More powerful and exerts a prenatal effect: development of accessory sex organs in utero, causes baldness (reduces hair follicle size and inflames skin)

Question 10

Hormonal organs

Answer 10

Hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal gland