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Organ Histology > 3: Digestive System > Flashcards

3: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 functions of the digestive system?

A

indigestion, mastication, secretion, absorption, waste elimination, motility, hormonal release, chemical digestion

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2
Q

What does the oral cavity include?

A

tongue, teeth, minor & major salivary glands, tonsils, lips

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3
Q

What is the oral cavity lined with?

A

oral mucosa

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of oral mucosa?

A

masticatory, lining, and specialized mucosa

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5
Q

What is masticatory mucosa found on?

A

gingiva & hard palate

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6
Q

What is the surface epithelium of masticatory mucosa?

A

keratinized (parakeratinized) stratified squamous epithelium

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7
Q

What do the surface cells of the parakeratinized stratifed squamous epithelium keep?

A

their nuclei

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8
Q

What is the lamina propria of the masticatory mucosa made of?

A

PAPILLARY LAYER: thick loose CT
- BV’s, nerves, sensory receptors, some Meissner’s corpuscles
RETICULAR LAYER: more dense CT

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9
Q

Where are Meissner’s corpuscles found in the oral cavity?

A

lamina propria of the masticatory mucosa

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10
Q

What is the lining mucosa of the oral cavity found on?

A

soft palate, underside of tongue, floor of mouth, cheeks, lips

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11
Q

What is the GENERAL surface epithelium of the lining mucosa of the oral cavity?

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (or -nonkeratinized)

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12
Q

What can OCCASIONALLY be the surface epithelium of the lining mucosa of the oral cavity?

A

parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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13
Q

What kind of epithelium makes up the lips, vermillion border (reddish part)?

A

keratinized stratifed squamous epithelium

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14
Q

The areas of non-keratinized stratifed squamous epithelium are ______ than the areas of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium in the lining mucosa.

A

thicker

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15
Q

What is the lamina propria of the lining mucosa of the oral cavity made of?

A

loose CT w/ BV’s & nerves

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16
Q

What is the submucosa of the lining mucosa of the oral cavity made of?

A

more dense CT

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17
Q

Where is the submucosa of the lining mucosa found?

A

most places

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18
Q

What can the submucosa of the lining epithelium have?

A

minor salivary glands, sebaceous glands (mouth corners), larger BV’s amd nerves

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19
Q

Where is the specialized mucosa of the oral cavity found?

A

dorsal surface of tongue

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20
Q

What kind of specialized mucosa surface epithelium is found on filiform papillae?

A

keratinized stratified squamous

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21
Q

What type of specialized mucosa surface epithelium is found on all papillae except filiform papillae?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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22
Q

What are the general functions of the specialize mucosa in the oral cavity?

A

move food, taste

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23
Q

What is the mucosa of the tongue like?

A

thicker dorsally; thinner and smoother posteriorly

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24
Q

What kind of surface epithelium is on the tongue?

A

specialized surface epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium (all other)
keratinized stratified squamous (filiform)

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25
Q

What kinds of papillae have specialized surface epitheilum?

A

all: filiform, fungiform, foliate, vallate (circumvallate)

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26
Q

What type of glands are associated with vallate papillae?

A

small salivary (von Ebner) glands

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27
Q

What is the function of von Ebner glands?

A

produce serous fluid to cleanse the taste buds on these papillae

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28
Q

Where are taste buds found?

A

on all papillae except FILIFORM papillae

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29
Q

What is the lamina propria of the tongue made of?

A

loose connective tissue, adipose possible

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30
Q

Is there submucosa of the present in the tongue?

A

usually yes; adipose possible

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31
Q

What can the submucosa of the tongue contain?

A

lingual salivary glands; produce serous products

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32
Q

What is unique about the intrinsic tongue muscles?

A

no external attachment

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33
Q

What are the 4 alternating muscles of the tongue?

A

superior longitudinal muscle
vertical muscles alternating w/ transverse muscles
inferior longitudinal muscle

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34
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic muscles?

A

change the tongue shape

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35
Q

What are the layers of the muscles outside to inside of developing teeth?

A

ameloblasts, enamel, dentin, predentin, odontoblast, dental papillae

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36
Q

What kind of cells are ameloblasts?

A

polarized columnar cells (secratory)

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37
Q

When do ameloblasts disappear?

A

after tooth eruption

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38
Q

What is the function of ameloblasts?

A

produce enamel

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39
Q

Which cells produce enamel?

A

ameloblasts

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40
Q

What substance is the hardest substance in the body?

A

enamel

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41
Q

How thick is enamel?

A

~2mm

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42
Q

What is enamel made of?

A

interlinked enamel rods

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43
Q

Can enamel be made after tooth eruption?

A

no

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44
Q

How hard is dentin?

A

harder than bone, softer than enamel

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45
Q

What does dentin contain?

A

thin dentinal tubules containing nerves & cell processes of odontoblasts

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46
Q

What is dentin produced by?

A

odontoblasts

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47
Q

What is predentin?

A

precursor to dentin before mineralization

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48
Q

What produces predentin?

A

odontoblasts

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49
Q

What are odontoblasts?

A

columnar cells lining the pulp cavity

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50
Q

Which cells survive into adulthood?

A

odontoblasts

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51
Q

What is the function of odontoblasts?

A

repair and produce dentin

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52
Q

What are odontoblasts precursors for?

A

dentin, predentin

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53
Q

What is the area of CT below odontoblasts?

A

dental papillae (dental pulp)

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54
Q

What does the dental papillae have in it?

A

many blood vessels and nerve

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55
Q

What is a potential problem with the dental pulp?

A

if there is an infection there is no room for expansion–> extensive inflammation

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56
Q

What are the 3 salivary gland names?

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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57
Q

What is the largest salivary gland?

A

parotid gland

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58
Q

How much saliva does the parotid gland produce?

A

~30% of total

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59
Q

Which gland is most affected by mumps?

A

parotid gland

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60
Q

The facial nerve passes through which gland?

A

parotid gland

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61
Q

What happens to the parotid gland as we age?

A

it common becomes infiltrated with adipose

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62
Q

What is a potential problem with the dental pulp?

A

if there is an infection there is no room for expansion–> extensive inflammation

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63
Q

What are the 3 different kinds of serous products produced by the parotid gland?

A

salavary amylase (alpha amylase): starts carb breakdown
lipozyme (anti-bacterial)
secratory IgA

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64
Q

What is the largest salivary gland?

A

parotid gland

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65
Q

What can happen to the submandibular gland by midlife?

A

it can by infiltrated by fat

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66
Q

Which gland is most affected by mumps?

A

parotid gland

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67
Q

The facial nerve passes through which gland?

A

parotid gland

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68
Q

What does the parotid gland produce?

A

100% serous products

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69
Q

What are the 3 different kinds of serous products produced by the parotid gland?

A

salavary amylase (alpha amylase): starts carb breakdown
lipozyme (anti-bacterial)
secratory IgA

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70
Q

What percentage of the total salivary output does the submandibular gland produce?

A

~60% total output

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71
Q

What can happen to the submandibular gland by midlife?

A

it can by infiltrated by fat

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72
Q

What are the 2 mixed salivary glands?

A

submandibular, sublingual

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73
Q

Which gland lacks a separate serous acini?

A

sublingual gland

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74
Q

What does the submandibular gland contain?

A

serous demilunes

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75
Q

Which gland is mixed, many serous products?

A

submandibular

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76
Q

What is the sublingual gland?

A

smallest salivary gland ~5% total salivary output

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77
Q

What gland is mixed mainly mucus producing?

A

sublingual gland (~80%)

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78
Q

Where does all of the serous products of the sublingual gland come from?

A

the serous demilunes

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79
Q

Which gland lacks a separate serous acini?

A

sublingual gland

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80
Q

What does the mucosa of the gut include?

A

surface epithelium
lamina propria: loose CT
muscularis mucosa: smooth muscle (longitudinal)

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81
Q

What does the submucosa of the gut?

A

more dense CT
larger BV’s
SUBMUCOSAL (MEISSNER) PLEXUS

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82
Q

What is the function of the Meissner plexus?

A

influences mucosa

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83
Q

What id the adventitia of the gut wall?

A

connetive tissue along longitudinal organs

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84
Q

What is the muscularis externa of the gut made of?

A

myenteric (Auerbach) plexus
typically smooth muscle
typically fiber orientation = inner circular & outer longitudinal layers = normal pattern

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85
Q

Where is the myeteric (AUERBACH) plexus found?

A

btwn the circular and longitudinal muscle layer

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86
Q

What is the function of the Auerbach plexus?

A

influences ME

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87
Q

What special cells does the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the esophagus?

A

Langerhans cells

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88
Q

What is the serosa of the gut wall?

A

edge of simple squamous epithelium (can include some CT) serous producing (layer of peritonium)

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89
Q

What id the adventitia of the gut wall?

A

connetive tissue along longitudinal organs

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90
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A

transfer bolus to stomach from the oropharynx

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91
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the esophagus mucosa?

A

stratified squamous

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92
Q

What are Langerhans cells?

A

an APC (antigen presenting hormone) with some phagocytosis possible

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93
Q

What special cells does the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the esophagus?

A

Langerhans cells

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94
Q

What is the lamina propria of the esophagus made of?

A

loose areolar CT

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95
Q

What kind of cells can the lamina propria also contain?

A

esophageal cardiac glands

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96
Q

What is the function of esophageal cardiac glands?

A

produce neutral pH mucos to protect the esophageal epithelium

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97
Q

What is the function on the esophageal proper glands?

A

produce slightly acidic mucus to lubricate the movement of food

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98
Q

Where were esophageal cardiac cells first found?

A

the last inch of the esophagus near the stomach

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99
Q

What is the muscularis mucosae of the esophagus?

A

discontinuous layer of longitudinal muscle

100
Q

What is the muscularis mucosae’s pattern through the esophagus?

A

thinner distally (by pharynx) and thicker proximally (by stomach)

101
Q

What is the submucosa of the esophagus made of?

A

dense fibroelastic CT

102
Q

What kind of glands are scattered along the length of the submucosa of the esophagus?

A

esophageal proper glands

103
Q

What is the function on the esophageal proper glands?

A

produce slightly acidic mucus to lubricate the movement of food

104
Q

What is the normal pattern for the muscularis externa?

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal layers

105
Q

What is the muscularis externa of the esophagus made of?

A

with normal patterns
upper 1/3: all skeletal muscle
middle 1/3: mix of smooth & skeletal muscle
lower 1/3: all smooth muscle

106
Q

What is the adventitia/serosa of the esophagus like?

A

primarily adventitia except the last 1-2” = last 1-2” (after the diaphragm)
Does pick up serosa

107
Q

What are the two physiological sphincters of the esophagus?

A

pharyngoesophageal sphincter

gastroesophageal sphincter

108
Q

Where is the pharyngoesophogeal sphincter found?

A

btwn oropharynx & esophogus

109
Q

Where is the gastroesophogeal sphincter found?

A

btwn esophagus and stomach (lower esophageal sphincter)

110
Q

Which sphincter of the esophagus is prone to problems due to the abrupt tissue change?

A

gastroesophageal sphincter

111
Q

What are the characteristics of physiological sphincters?

A

NO thickening of circular muscle in ME
pressure gradient aids movement
(muscle contractions & gravity help)

112
Q

What are the 3 functions of the stomach?

A

continue digestion of carbs
storage (primary fxn)
some nutrient breakdown, mostly chemical, not physical

113
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

tiny depressions in the stomach’s surface

1 pit leads to more than one gland

114
Q

What kind of surface epithelium is in the mucosa of the stomach?

A

simple columnar

115
Q

What are the functions of the surface mucous (lining) cells of the stomach?

A

produce thick visable mucus (adheres to the surface)

secretes bicarbonate ions

116
Q

Where are the regenerative cells of the stomach found?

A

at the bases of pits

117
Q

What is the lamina propria like in the stomach?

A

loose, vascular ct present in small amounts between glands

118
Q

What makes up the muscularis mucosa of the stomach?

A

smooth muscle layer that is often arranged in 3 layers

THERE AND WELL FORMED

119
Q

What are the 3 smooth muscle layers of the stomach arranged like?

A

inner circular
outer longitudinal
outermost circular/oblique

120
Q

What is the submucosa of the stomach like?

A

highly vascular

contains: atriovenous anastomosis & Submucosal (Meissner’s) Plexus

121
Q

What is the function of the AVA in the stomach?

A

shut down activity and secretion FAST

122
Q

Where is the submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus in the stomach?

A

next to the inner circular layer of the muscle

123
Q

What is the function of the Meissner’s Plexus?

A

to influence the mucosa (secretion, BF, and limited muscle contractions)

124
Q

What layer of the stomach are the Meissner’s Plexus and AVA’s found?

A

in the submucosa

125
Q

What is the muscularis externa of the stomach like?

A

three muscle layers are possible (especially between cardiac region and greater curvature; all smooth muscle

126
Q

How are the 3 layers of the muscularis externa set up in the stomach?

A

innermost oblique
middle circular well developed
outer longitudinal

127
Q

Can a normal muscle pattern show up in the muscularis externa of the stomach?

A

yes, other than in the cardiac and greater curvature

128
Q

Where is the Myenteric (Auerbach’s) Plexus found in the stomach?

A

in the muscularis externa, between the circular and longitudinal layers of muscle

129
Q

What is the function of the myeteric (Auerbach’s) plexus?

A

to stimulate the muscularis externa

130
Q

What layers of the serosa are found in the muscularis externa of the stomach?

A

all

131
Q

What are the three regions of the stomach?

A

cardiac, gastric (includes body & fundus), pyloric part

132
Q

What are the pits of the cardiac glands of the stomach like?

A

shorter pits wich lead to cardiac glands with a coiled base

133
Q

What cells are found in the cardiac region of the stomach?

A

primarily surface mucous, some neck mucous, a few DNES and parietal cells
NO CHEIF CELLS

134
Q

Describe the cardiac region of the stomach….

A

smallest region & obtain much mucus

135
Q

What kind of cells are found in the isthmus area of the gastric glands?

A

surface mucus & DNES cells

136
Q

What kind of cells are found in the neck area of the gastric glands?

A

parietal & neck mucus cells

137
Q

What kind of cells are found in the base area of the gastric glands?

A

cheif mucus cells

138
Q

What do the surface mucus cells of the isthmus produce?

A

thick visable mucus that traps bicarbonate ions

139
Q

What is the function of the surface mucus cells of the isthmus?

A

protect mucosa from auto-digestion and the rougher components of chyme

140
Q

How many DNES (enteroendocrine) cells are found in the isthmus?

A

a few

141
Q

What do the DNES type D cells produce?

A

somatostatin (inhibits release of hormones by near by DNES cells & HCl release)

142
Q

What do the DNES type EC cells produce?

A

serotonin & substance P (increases gut motility)

143
Q

What do the DNES type G cells produce?

A

gastrin

144
Q

What do the DNES type G cells stimulate?

A

HCl adn pepsinogen secretion, gastric motility, and regenerative cells in body of the stomach

145
Q

What is another name for the DNES cells of the gastric gland?

A

enteroendocrine

146
Q

What kinds of cells are found in the neck of the gastric gland?

A

neck mucous cells, regenerative cells, parietal (oxyntic) cells

147
Q

What do the neck mucous cells do?

A

produce a soluble SLIGHTLY ACIDIC mucus

fxn: lubricate gastric contents

148
Q

What do the regenerative cells of the neck of the gastric glands do?

A

replace all cell types

149
Q

What do the parietal (oxyntic) cells of the gastric glands do?

A

produce: very strong HCl, Gastric Intrinsic Factor (necessary for vit. B12 absorption)

150
Q

How can chronic gastritis lead to pernicious anemia?

A

low # of parietal cells can lead to low amounts of intrinsic factor, which will decrease vit. B12 absorption which is necessary for RBC maturation
LOW # RBC’S

151
Q

What DNES cells are found in the neck area of the gastric glands?

A

DNES: D, EC, G

152
Q

What types of cells are found in the Base area of the gastric glands?

A

cheif (zymogenic) cells, parietal cells, DNES cells

153
Q

What do the chief (zymogenic) cells produce?

A 
Primarily pepsinogen (proenzyme breaking down protein & fat)
some gastric lipase to break down fats
154
Q

Are there parietal cells in the base of gastric glands?

A

yes, some

155
Q

What DNES cells are found in the base of gastric glands?

A

DNES: D, EC, G

156
Q

What is the pyloric region characterized by?

A

deeper pits, very short, twisted and branched pyloric glands

157
Q

What cells are found in the pyloric region of the gastric glands?

A

primarily surface mucus, DNES and parietal cells; some neck mucous cells that also produce some lysozyme

158
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

ANATOMICAL SPHINCTER between the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum

159
Q

What are characteristics of an anatomical sphincter?

A

1) well developed inner circular layer of muscle in the ME

2) inner circular layer in ME can be INDEPENDANTLY controlled

160
Q

What are the 3 general functions of th esmall intestines?

A

digestion, absorption of nutrients, produce intestinal hormones (use DNES cells)

161
Q

What are the 3 surface area increasers in the small intestines?

A

plicae circulares, villi, microvilli

162
Q

What is another name for the plicae circulares?

A

valves of Kerckring

163
Q

What are the plicae circulares?

A

permanent folds affecting the mucosa and submucosa; found in the duodenum, jejunum, and proximal ileum

164
Q

Where are the microvilli found in the small intestine?

A

on the luminal cell surface

165
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the intestines?

A

simple columnar

166
Q

What cell types are found in the mucosa of the intestines?

A

surface absorptive cells, goblet cells, DNES cells, regenerative cells, paneth cells, M (microfold cells)

167
Q

What are surface absorptive cells of the intestines?

A

ENTEROCYTES containing microvilli

168
Q

What do surface absorptive cells of the intestines do?

A

absorb water and nutrients

terminal digestion in glycocalyx: cells produce the enzymes and absorb the monosaccharides and peptides created

169
Q

Where are goblet cells found in the intestines?

A

fewest in the duodenum and most in ileum

170
Q

How many types of DNES cells are found in the small intestines?

A

~11 types

171
Q

What are the three main types of DNES cells found in the small intestines?

A

types I, K, S

172
Q

What do the type I DNES cells of the small intestines do?

A

produces cholecystokinin (CCK): stimulates bile release from the gallbladder, and pancreatic secretion of enzymes from serous acini

173
Q

What do the type K DNES cells of the small intestines do?

A

produces GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide): inhibits HCl release

174
Q

What do the type S DNES cells of the small intestines do?

A

produces secretin: stimulates secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreatic ducts; also inhibits HCl release and the movement of chyme into the small intestines

175
Q

Where are the regenerative cells found in the small intestines?

A

found in the crypts

176
Q

Where are the paneth cells of the small intestines found?

A

at the bases of the crypts (intestinal glands)

177
Q

What do the paneth cells of the small intestine produce?

A

lysozyme

178
Q

Where are the M cells of the small intestine found?

A

aka: microfold cells

found in the ILEUM epithelium over Peyer’s Patches

179
Q

What is the cell structure of the M cells of the small intestine?

A

large intracellular pockets; sample foreign antigens from the gut lumen & transfer antigens to lymphocytes and dendritic cells

180
Q

What is the function of the M cells of the small intestines?

A

promote humoral immunity
results in plasma cells producing IgA which is then transferred to epithelial cells and released into gut lumen
important in maintaining appropriate gut flora

181
Q

What is the lamina propria of the small intestine made of?

A

loose areolar CT

182
Q

What is found with in the villus core of the lamina propria of the small intestine?

A

lacteals, vascular components, some longitudinal smooth muscle

183
Q

What are lacteals?

A

they are lymphatic capillaries functioning in lipid absorption

184
Q

What are the vascular components of the lamina propria?

A

smaller blood vessels

185
Q

What is the importance of the longitudinal muscle?

A

if irritated then the muscle contracts and the villi will shorten; can lead to nutrient deficiencies if irritation is prolonged.

186
Q

What is another name for the borders of the intestinal glands?

A

crypts of lieberkuhn

187
Q

What is the muscularis mucosa of the small intestines like?

A

thin but present; connects to smooth muscle in villi

188
Q

What is the general setup of the submucosa of the small intestine?

A

dense fibroelastic CT

very vascular: large blood vessels

189
Q

What is special about the submucosa of the duodenum?

A

Duodenal (Brunner) Glands: seromucous glands

190
Q

What do the duodenal (brunner) glands produce?

A

Primary product: alkaline mucus which importantly functions to neutralize chyme
Urogastrone: inhibits HCl secretion and increase mitosis of epithelial cells

191
Q

What structures are significant in the jejunum?

A

no significant structures

192
Q

What structures are significant in the ileum?

A

Peyer’s Patches: groups of regularly occurring large lymph nodules
Submucosal (Meissner’s) Plexus: parasympathetic innervation

193
Q

Where is the Submucosal (Meissner’s) Plexus found?

A

close to circular muscle in the ME of the ileum

influences the mucosa

194
Q

What is the muscularis externa of the small intestine like?

A

normal pattern: inner circular, outer longitudinal

195
Q

What is significant in the ME of the small intestines?

A

Myenteric (Auerbach) Plexus: stimulates the ME for peristalsis

196
Q

Where is the Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus found?

A

between the circular and longitudinal layers of the ME of the small intestines

197
Q

Where is serosa found in the small intestines?

A

all of the jejunum and ileum; first and last 1-2 cm of duodenum

198
Q

Where is adventitia found in the small intestines?

A

vertical (ascending) portion of duodenum

199
Q

What type of sphincter is the ileocecal valve and where is it found?

A

physiological & anatomical sphincter

between the ileum & cecum of the colon

200
Q

What is the appendix?

A

VERMIFORM APPENDIX

blind pouch on the right, extending from the cecum

201
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the appendix?

A

simple columnar

w/: surface absorpptive cells, goblets, regenerative cells, and DNES cells

202
Q

Is there a LP in the appendix?

A

yes

203
Q

Describe the muscularis mucosae of the appendix?

A

poorly developed

204
Q

What other stuff is significant in the appendix?

A

short crypts
NO villi
NO to infrequent paneth cells

205
Q

What is the submucosa like in the appendix?

A

thick layer with large blood vessels

206
Q

What are the notable features of the submucosa of the appendix?

A

numerous lymph nodules

207
Q

What is the patterning of the muscularis externa of the appendix?

A

normal patterning but THIN

208
Q

Is there serosa present in the appendix?

A

yes

209
Q

What is the function of the appendix?

A

humoral immunity

reservoir for good bacteria

210
Q

What are the general functions of the colon (large intestine)?

A

primary function: absorption of water
compaction, lubrication, and elimination of feces
production of some vitamins (riboflavin, thiamin, vit. K & B12) as bacterial by-products

211
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the colon?

A

simple columnar

w/: many goblets and surface absorptive cells (colonocytes), some regenerative cells and very few DNES cells

212
Q

What is the LP of the colon like?

A

typical and has intestinal glands (crypts)

213
Q

What is the muscularis mucosae like in the colon?

A

typical

214
Q

What does the mucosa of the colon lack?

A

villi and paneth cells

215
Q

What is the submucosa of the colon like?

A

typical

216
Q

What is the patterning of the muscularis externa of the colon?

A

not normal: outer longitudinal muscle is gathered into bands called teniae coli and is discontinuous

217
Q

What are the teniae coli of the colon made of?

A

longitudianl muscle bands of the ME

218
Q

What are haustra?

A

constant tonus of teniae coli resulting in sacculations

219
Q

Where is the adventitia found in the colon?

A

ascending and descending colon

220
Q

Where is the serosa found in the colon?

A

transverse and sigmoid colon

221
Q

What is the general function of the rectum?

A

store fecal matter

222
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the rectum?

A

simple columnar

223
Q

The rectum and colon are very similar in what features?

A

straight intestinal glands w/ goblet cells

224
Q

What makes the colon and rectum different?

A

The rectum has:
Transverse rectal folds
No teniae coli in ME
has adventitia

225
Q

What are the transverse rectal fold of the rectum?

A

significant luminal wall folds

226
Q

What is the longitudinal wall muscle of the rectum like?

A

more complete (no teniae coli in ME)

227
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the anal canal?

A

transitions from simple columnar to STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

228
Q

What glands are found in the anal canal?

A

anal glands and circumanal glands

229
Q

What are the anal glands?

A

extend into the SM adn produce mucus to lubricate lumen

230
Q

What are the circumanal glands?

A

APOCRINE glands in the skin surrounding the anus

231
Q

What does the mucosa and submucosa of the anal canal have?

A

longitudinal folds creating ANAL COLUMNS

232
Q

What makes the anal canal prone to hemoroids?

A

the submucosa has bloods vessels that are prone to irritation

233
Q

What is significant about the muscularis mucosa in the anal canal?

A

it disappears

234
Q

What is the internal anal sphincter?

A

a thick circular layer of smooth muscle w/i the ME

235
Q

What is the external anal sphincter?

A

a striated (voluntary) muscle from the pelvic floor

236
Q

What is the luminal wall covering of the anal canal?

A

adventitia

237
Q

What are the two general causes of peptic ulcer disease?

A

insufficient protection from HCl and pepsin
- damaged mucus coat
- too much HCl and pepsin
Helicobacter pylori

238
Q

With a decreased luminal acidity, how fast can damaged tissues repair themselves?

A

1-2 months

239
Q

What are some factors that delay healing of peptic ulcer disease?

A

smoking, alcohol, caffeine, calcium, asprin

also stress and spicy foods can aggrivate an ulcer but not cause it

240
Q

What causes gastroesophageal (esophageal) reflux?

A

stomach chyme backing up into the lower esophagus

241
Q

What are possible contributing factors to gastroesophageal reflux?

A

chronic gastritis (inflammed stomach lining), hiatal hernia, pregnancy, incompetent lower esophageal sphincter, subluxations (problems w/ myenteric plexus?)

242
Q

What are some ways to reduce reflux?

A

keep a food diary of food, spices and drinks with episodes
limit amount of food eaten at one time
do not eat less than 3 hours before bed

243
Q

What are some problem foods with gastroesophageal reflux?

A

spices (pepper, garlic, onion, peppermint, cinnamon), acidic foods, acidic beverages (fruit juices, carbonated drinks, coffee, tea), fatty foods, alcohol

244
Q

What is Barrett’s Esophagus?

A

stratifed squamous epithelium is replaced by mucus secreting simple columnar epithelium in lower (proximal esophagus)

245
Q

Is Barrett’s esophagus acute or chronic?

A

metaplasia due to a chronic problem

PRE-CANCEROUS CONDITION

Organ Histology (5 decks)

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