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Organ Histology > 2: Respiratory System > Flashcards

2: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the respiratory system?

A

1) O2 and CO2 exchange
2) olification
3) phonation
4) provide defense
5) condition air

#1 = respiratory portion
#2-5 = conducting portion
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2
Q

What are the 3 tiers of the filtration system?

A

1) large particle filter: bugs
2) medium particle filter: dust, pollen
3) small particle filter: bacteria, viruses

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3
Q

What are the parts of the nasal cavity?

A

vestibule, respiratory region, olfactory region

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4
Q

What type of surface epithelium is in the nasal cavity of the vestibule?

A

keratinized stratified squamous ( same as skin)

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5
Q

What glands are in the nasal cavity vestibule?

A

sebaceous & sweat

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6
Q

What supports the nasal cavity vestibule?

A

hyaline cartilage

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7
Q

What additional features are in the nasal cavity vestibule?

A

VIBRISSAE: large particle filter (nose hairs)

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8
Q

Where is the respiratory region of the nasal cavity found?

A

btwn the limen nasi and superior/middle concha

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9
Q

What are the 4 functions of the respiratory region?

A

1) warm air
2) clean air
3) humidify air
4) provide defense

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10
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

A

respiratory (ciliated pseudostratified columnar)

moves mucus

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11
Q

What kind of cells are the mucociliary apparatus of the respiratory area made of?

A

globlet & ciliated columnar cells = medium particle filter

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12
Q

What does the mucociliary apparatus do?

A

mucociliary clearance

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13
Q

What type of glads are found in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

A

seromucus glands

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14
Q

Where are the seromucus glands found?

A

in the lamina propria (LP)

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15
Q

Mucus portion of seromucus glands contributes mucus for what?

A

1) mucociliary clearance

2) air humidity

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16
Q

Serous products produced by the seromucus gland are what?

A

1) lysozyme: anti-bacterial
2) interferons: anti-viral
3) cytokines: stimulate defensive cells
4) air humidity
SMALL PARTICLE FILTERS

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17
Q

What else is found in the LP of the respiratory nasal cavity?

A

cavernous plexus: many large venules; typically partially filled

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18
Q

What are the functions of the cavernous plexus?

A

1) humidify air
2) humidify air
3) provide defense (ex: inflammation)

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19
Q

What are the side effects of inflammation?

A

INCREASED BF:

   - venules enlarge & LP increases in size, lumen decreases in size = STUFFY NOSE
   - O2 increases which will stimulate seromucus gland secretion = RUNNY NOSE
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20
Q

What supports the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

A

hyaline cartilage and bone

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21
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

A

olfactory epithelium w/ supporting & basal cells and olfactory neurons

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22
Q

What do the supporting cells of the surface epithelium of the olfactory region do?

A

provide physical support, nourishment and electrical insulation for olfactory cells
COLUMNAR CELLS W/ MICROVILLI

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23
Q

What are olfactory neurons?

A

bipolar neurons w/ olfactory cilia extending onto the epithelial surface.
BASAL AXON: unmyelinated w/ Schwann cells
- passes through the cribriform plate ultimately connecting to the olfactory bulb

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24
Q

What are basal cells?

A

small phyramidal shaped cells that can divide and replace the other two types of cells

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25
Q

What glands are found in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

A

olfactory (Bowman’s) glands

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26
Q

What do olfactory (Bowman’s) glands do?

A

produces a serous product to “cleanse” olfactory cilia

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27
Q

What supports the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

A

bone

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28
Q

What are the large particle filters of the nasal cavity?

A

Vibrissa

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29
Q

What are the medium particle filter structures of the nasal cavity?

A

mucocilliary apparatus or goblet & ciliated columnar cells

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30
Q

What are the small particle filters of the nasal cavity?

A

seromucus glands = serous portion

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31
Q

Where are the paranasal sinuses found?

A

ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, and maxilla bones

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32
Q

What do the paranasal sinuses do?

A

connect to the nasal cavity through sinal ostia

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33
Q

What type of epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses?

A

respiratory epithelium

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34
Q

What is the lamina propria of the paranasal sinuses like?

A

thin but has seromucus glands, quite vascular

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35
Q

What is a possible problem with the paranasal sinuses?

A

with small ostia, if the LP swells the ostia can become blocked & sinus infection can thrive

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36
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx (sup-inf)

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37
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the nasopharynx?

A

respiratory

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38
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the oropharynx?

A

stratified squamous

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39
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the laryngopharynx?

A

stratified squamous

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40
Q

Can the LP of the pharynx have tonsils?

A

yes

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41
Q

What tonsils can the nasopharynx have?

A

pharyngeal tonsils

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42
Q

What tonsils can the oropharynx have?

A

palatine & lingual tonsils

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43
Q

What tonsils can the laryngopharynx have?

A

NONE

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44
Q

Can the muscularis mucosae (MM) have tonsils?

A

no

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45
Q

What can the submucosa of the pharynx also be called?

A

pharyngobasilar fascia

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46
Q

What is the structure of the submucosa of the pharynx?

A

collagen in the periosteum of basilar portion of the occiput blends into the wall of pharynx

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47
Q

What is the function of the submucosa (pharyngobasilar fascia) of the pharynx?

A

added support

48
Q

What is the muscularis externa of the pharynx made of?

A

all skeletal muscle

49
Q

What is the patterning of the muscluaris externa of the pharynx?

A

Reversed:
inner longitudinal muscle
outer circular muscular layer
(also occurs in the uterus)

50
Q

What can the adventitia of the pharynx also be called?

A

buccopharyngeal fascia

51
Q

What is the structure of the adventitia of the pharynx?

A

epimysium of buccinator muscle blends into the adventitia of the pharynx

52
Q

What is the adventitia?

A

CT on longitudinal organs

53
Q

What is the larynx?

A

an organ lying between the pharynx & trachea

54
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the luminal wall?

A

upper surface: stratified squamous

parts will transition to respiratory

55
Q

What is the LP of the luminal wall structure?

A

loose CT w/ seromucus glands

56
Q

What is the function of the cartilages w/i the wall of the larynx?

A

maintain an open airway

aid sound production (long w/ skeletal muscle)

57
Q

What are the types of cartilages found w/i the larynx?

A

hyaline cartilage & elastic cartilage

58
Q

What parts of the larynx are made of hyaline cartilage?

A

thyroid, cricoid, & inferior arytenoid cartilages

59
Q

What parts of the larynx are made of elastic cartilage?

A

epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate & superior arytenoid cartilages

60
Q

What is the general function of the epiglottis?

A

to keep food & liquid out of the larynx

61
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the epiglottis?

A

upper surface: stratified squamous

lower surface: transitions to respiratory

62
Q

What are the vestibular folds?

A

immovable folds of tissue

63
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the vestibular folds?

A

respiratory epithelium

64
Q

What is the LP of the vestibular folds?

A

loose CT w/ seromucus glands & possible lymph nodules

65
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the laryngeal ventricle?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

66
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the vocal cords (folds)?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

67
Q

What is the function of the vocal cords?

A

protect from abrasion and to get some degree of drying of tissues due to the rapid air movement

68
Q

What is the LP of the vocal folds made of?

A

dense regular bundles of elastic CT

69
Q

What is the function of the LP of vocal folds?

A

supports vocal fold

70
Q

What does the vocalis muscle do?

A

creates sound when air vibrates the vocal folds

71
Q

Where is the vocalis muscle located?

A

deep to the mucosa

72
Q

What is the vocalis muscle?

A

a striated muscle which will adduct to narrow the rima glottidis

73
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the trachea?

A

respiratory epithelium

74
Q

What are the cell types w/i the surface epithelium of the trachea?

A

30% goblet
30% ciliated columnar epithelium
30% basal
3% brush cells (maybe chemosensory, air quality)
3% serous cells (secretes an unknown product into the lumen)
3-4% DNES (diffuse neuroendocrine cells) (small granule, kulchitsky cells) secrete in LP, likely influences other cells

75
Q

What is the LP of the trachea like?

A

loose CT w/ seromucus glands, quite vascular

76
Q

The muscularis mucosa is ___________ in the trachea?

A

absent

77
Q

What does the submucosa of the trachea contain?

A

hyaline cartilage C ring and blends w/ LP

78
Q

What is the muscularis externa of the trachea?

A

made of individual trachealis muscles

79
Q

What is the adventitia of the trachea made of?

A

connective tissue (fiberous or adipose)

80
Q

What are the extrapulmonary bronchi?

A

includes the primary bronchi, structurally similar to the trachea

81
Q

What are the structural trends in the bronchi?

A

Decreases in: amount of cartilage, numbers of glands, goblet cells, height of epithelium
Increases in: smooth muscle, elastic CT

82
Q

What do the intrapulmonary bronchi include?

A

secondary & tertiary bronchi

trends continue

83
Q

What are bronchioles characterized by?

A
84
Q

What type of epithelium is in the bronchioles?

A

ciliated simple columnar/cuboidal cells w/ some goblet cells & Clara cells (can vary some along w/ length)

85
Q

What are Clara cells?

A

secretory cells in surface epithelium of bronchoiles

  • secrete product to protect epithelium
  • produce enzymes, degrade toxins
  • regenerate bronchiolar epithelium
  • secrete lysozyme
  • produce a surfactant type material
  • other cells
86
Q

What do clara cells have?

A

have short microvilli

87
Q

What are terminal bronchioles?

A

last part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system

88
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the terminal bronchioles?

A

simple columnar/cuboidal (often some cilia) w/ clara cells

89
Q

What is the LP of the terminal brochioles?

A

fibroelastic CT

90
Q

What type of muscles are in the terminal bronchials?

A

1-2 layers of smooth muscle

91
Q

What are the respiratory bronchioles?

A

1st region of respiratory portion of respiratory system

92
Q

What is the structure of respiratory bronchioles?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium w/ Claras & some cilia;

similar to terminal bronchioles w/ some simple squamous epithelium = GAS EXCHANGE POSSIBLE

93
Q

What is the function of alveolar ducts?

A

gas exchange

94
Q

What is the structure of alveolar ducts?

A

see alveoli

95
Q

What is the function of alveolar sacs?

A

gas exchange

96
Q

What is the structure of alveolar sacs?

A

see alveoli

97
Q

What is the general function of alveoli?

A

gas exchange

98
Q

What is the structure of alveoli?

A

MC cell types: alveolar type I, alveolar type II, alveolar macrophages

99
Q

What are the alveolar type I cells?

A

AKA: type I pneumocyte
~95% alveolar surface
squamous cell type w/ zonula occludens btwn cells
GAS EXCHANGE

100
Q

What are the alveolar type II cells?

A

AKA: type II pneumocyte

most to sides btwn alveoli

101
Q

What is the general fxn of alveolar type II cells?

A

stem cell for alveolar type 1&2
produce pulmonary surfactant
produce lysozyme

102
Q

What are alveolar macropahges?

A

AKA: dust cells
fxn: clean septal cell walls using phagocytosis also produce ______???

103
Q

What is the interalveolar septum?

A

region btwn 2 alveoli

104
Q

What parts are included in the interalveolar septum?

A

alveolar types I&II, continuous capillaries, fibroblasts, basal lamina, small amounts of CT w/ many elastic fibers

105
Q

What is the blood-gas barrier?

A

region where O2 & CO2 pass btwn the air and blood

106
Q

Parts of the blood-gas barrier (air to blood)

A

1) pulmonary surfactant
2) alveolar type I
3) fused basal lamina: shared btwn alveolar type I cells & endothelial cell of capillary
4) endothelial cells of the capillary
THIS IS THE MINIMUM DIFF. DISTANCE ALLOWING MOST EFFICIENT GAS EXCHANGE

107
Q

What is the pulmonary nerve supply?

A

Thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia: relax bronchial smooth muscle = bronchiodilation
Sympathetic fibers: paradoxical response of constricting pulmonary BV’s via smooth muscle and tunica media

108
Q

What does the vagus nerve do?

A

parasympathetic fibers contract bronchial smooth muscle resulting in bronchoconstriction

109
Q

What happens with chronic exposure to irritants and metaplasia in the upper respiratory tract?

A

globlet cell #’s increase = increased mucus
ciliated columnar cell #’s decrease = congestion increase
seromucus glands increase in size = more fluid
a lot of coughing = change from stratified squamous epithelium instead of respiratory epithelium

110
Q

What is RDS in newborns?

A

Respiratory distress of the newborn, haline membrane disease

111
Q

What is the cause of RDS?

A

too few mature alveolar type II cells

112
Q

What are the treatments for RDS?

A

artificial surfactant & CPAP (only a few treatments)

glucocorticosteroids given before birth will induce surfactant production

113
Q

What is emphysema?

A

decrease in elastin so decrease in alveolar tissue
reduced surface for gas exchange
irreversible

114
Q

What are the two common causes of emphysema?

A

inflammation & genetic condition

115
Q

What happens with emphysema caused by inflammation?

A

attracts macrophages & neutrophils, secrete elastase
alpha 1: antityrosine is a protein that protects elastic fibers
alpha 1-AT: produced by hepatocytes
free radicals in cigarrette smoke inactivates alpha 1-AT

116
Q

What produces alpha 1-AT?

A

hepatocytes

117
Q

What happens with genetic emphysema?

A

hepatocytes produce alpha 1-AT but cannot release it = levels are too low
gene is inherited dominantly
heterozygous - affected some
homozygous - affected greatly

Organ Histology (5 decks)

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