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Organ Histology > 2: Urinary System > Flashcards

2: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organs in the urinary system?

A

2: kidneys, ureters
1: bladder, urethra

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2
Q

What are the general functions of the urinary system?

A

1) regulate water & electrolyte balance
2) excretion of nitrogenous wastes & some water & electrolytes
3) excretion of some other materials (drugs)
4) secrete renin

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3
Q

What are the 6 general parts of the kidney?

A

capsule, hilum, renal pelvis, major calyces, minor calyces, renal sinus

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4
Q

What is the kidney capsule?

A

thin & fiberous; made of dense irregular CT

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5
Q

What is the hilum of the kidney?

A

concave & medial; nerves enter, ureters exit; blood & lymph enter and exit

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6
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

widening of the ureter

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7
Q

What are the major calyces?

A

broad spaces w/i kidney to collect urine & direct to renal pelvis (2/3 kidney)

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8
Q

What are the minor calyces?

A

smaller collecting areas from each major calyx

contain renal papilla = tip of each renal pyramid

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9
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

area surrounding renal pelvis, major calyces & minor caylces
contains adipose

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10
Q

What are the two general regions of parenchyma w/i the kidney?

A

Cortex & medulla

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11
Q

What does the cortex of the kidney contain?

A

renal corpuscles, tubles, medullary rays

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12
Q

What are the medullary rays of the kidney cortex?

A

extend from medulla into cortex

contains primarily portions of the loop of henle & collecting tubles

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13
Q

What are the parts of the medulla of the kidney?

A

renal pyramids: 8-12 per kidney

renal columns: areas separating the renal pyramids

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14
Q

How many nephrons are in each kidney?

A

~1 million

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15
Q

What are the parts a nephron?

A

renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubules (PCT), loop of henle, distal convoluted tuble (DCT), connecting tubles, collecting ducts

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16
Q

Where is the renal corpuscle found and the function?

A

always in cortex, blood filtration

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17
Q

What are the two major parts of the renal corpsule?

A

Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule, Glomerulus

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18
Q

What are the two layers of Bowman’s capsule?

A

parietal & visceral layer

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19
Q

What is the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule made of?

A

simple squamous epithelium (bilayer)

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20
Q

What is the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule?

A

an internal layer of podocytes

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21
Q

What are podocytes?

A

modified epithelial cells containing pedicles

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22
Q

What are pedicels?

A

secondary podocyte cell processes covering the glomerular capillaries creating filtration slits

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23
Q

What is the urinary (capsular) space?

A

space btwn parietal & visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

recieves the filtered fluid from the capillaries

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24
Q

What is the glomerulus of the renal corpsule?

A

fenestrated capillary network inside the visceral layer of Bowman capsule

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25
Q

What is the unique location of the glomerulus?

A

btwn 2 arterioles so muscle in tunica media can create an increased capillary pressure to enhance filtration
increase/decrease pressure

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26
Q

What are the not so important part of the renal corpsule?

A

mesangial cells

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27
Q

What are mesangial cells?

A

special cells w/i the renal corpuscles; though to replace regular CT; many are pericyte-like (contractile filaments)
often present in areas lacking podocytes

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28
Q

What is the function of mesangial cells?

A

capillary support
adjust capillary pressure for good filtration
phagocytosis of interfering materials (proteins)
secrete various cytokines (immune defense & glomerulus repair)

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29
Q

What is the epithelium type in the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT)?

A

simple cuboidal w/ long microvilli (numerous)

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30
Q

What is the location of the proximal convoluted tubules?

A

cortex of kidney

31
Q

What makes up the loop of henle?

A

thin limbs (descending & ascending) and thick ascending limbs

32
Q

What epithelium type makes up the thin limbs of the loop of henle?

A

simple squamous

33
Q

What is the location of the thin limbs of the loop of henle?

A

medulla

34
Q

What is the epithelium type in the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle?

A

simple cuboidal (no microvilli)

35
Q

What is the location of the thick ascending part of the loop of henle?

A

medulla & medullary rays

36
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the distal convoluted tubule?

A

simple cuboidal (shorter cells w/ fewer & shorter microvilli)

37
Q

Where are the distal convoluted tubules found?

A

cortex

38
Q

What is the macula densa?

A

special part of the DCT at the vascular pole containing closely packed columnar cells @ begining
part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
- regulates glomerular BF & glomerular filtrate

39
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the collecting tubule?

A

simple squamous to simple cuboidal

Shorter length

40
Q

Are the collecting ducts part of the nephron?

A

NO

41
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the collecting ducts?

A

simple cuboidal to simple columnar (in larger ducts)

42
Q

What are the two principle cell types of the collecting ducts?

A

principle cells & intercalated cells

43
Q

What are the principle cells of the collecting ducts?

A

light cells = collecting duct cells
MC cell type
in MEDULLARY RAYS & MEDULLA

44
Q

What are the intercalated cells of the collecting ducts?

A

dark cells
fewer in #
found in_________????
NONE close to renal papilla

45
Q

What are collecting ducts?

A

lead to a papillary duct which leads to a renal papillae and finally to a minor calyx

46
Q

What are the ureters?

A

transport urine to urinary bladder

2 about ~24-34 cm long

47
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the luminal wall of the ureters?

A

urothelium (4-5 cell layers thick)

48
Q

What are the 3 basic layers of the luminal walls of the ureters?

A

1 layer of basal cells
1-several layers of intermediate cells
1 layer of large superficial cells UMBERELLA CELLS

49
Q

What shape are the intermeiate cells of the luminal wallys of the ureters?

A

more columnar shape

50
Q

What are umbrella cells?

A

can be bi-nucleate

have free-edge plasma membrane w/ plaque (allow folding @ thinner areas)

51
Q

What are the functions of plaques in umbrella cells?

A

protection (cells & tissues beneath) & BLOCKS WATER passage

52
Q

WHAT ARE THE MOST DEVELOPED CELLS IN THE URINARY BLADDER?

A

PLAQUE & UMBRELLA CELLS

53
Q

What is the LP of the laminal wall of the ureter made of?

A

rather dense irregular CT

54
Q

What is the muscle of the muscularis externa of the ureters?

A

smooth muscle mixed w/ CT

REVERSE PATTERN: inner longitudinal, outer circular layer

55
Q

What are the 3 muscle layers of the muscularis externa of the ureter?

A

inner: longitudinal
middle: circular
outer: longitudinal

56
Q

What motion of the muscularis externa helps move urine?

A

peristaltic motion

57
Q

What is the adventitia of the ureter made of?

A

adipose, blood vessels, & nerves

58
Q

How do the ureters connect into the bladder?

A

enters at angle to create a valve
as bladder fills, enterance to ureters closes
–> prevents backflow
IMPORTANT: stops the spread of infection to the kidneys

59
Q

What is the epithelium of the bladder?

A

transitional/urothelium epithelium

60
Q

What is the function of the urothelium of the bladder?

A

stretch & protect form hypertonic & toxic urine
~6 layers thick
PLAQUE: well developed to fold @ thinner regions when bladder collapses

61
Q

What is the LP like in the bladder?

A

rather dense irregular CT

62
Q

What is the submucosa of the bladder made of?

A

thin & blends w/ LP

63
Q

What is the muscularis externa of the bladder made of?

A

3 distinct muscular layers DETRUSOR MUSCLE

1) inner longitudinal
2) middle circular
3) outer longitudinal

64
Q

What is the internal urethral sphincter?

A

circle of muscle close to urethral opening
involuntary smooth muscle
part of the detrusor muscle

65
Q

What do the sympathetic nerve of the bladder innervate?

A

blood vessels

66
Q

What do the parasympathetics of the bladder innervate?

A

ME & adventitia = MICTURITION REFLEX

S2-S4 TRAVELING W/ SPLANCHNIC NERVE

67
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the bladder?

A

urinary bladder & sacral spinal cord

AFFERENT FIBERS FOR MICTURITION REFLEX

68
Q

What is the urethra?

A

fibromuscular tube

longitudinal folds in mucosa

69
Q

What makes up the urethra in males?

A

urinary & reproductive system part

prostatic, membranous, spongy (penile) urethras

70
Q

What is the prostatic urethra?

A

3-4 cm, in prostate, made of urothelium

71
Q

What is the membranous urethra?

A

1 cm, passes through the external urethral sphincter: STRIATED MUSCLE,
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR &PSUEDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPI.

72
Q

What is the spongy urethra (penile)?

A

15 cm, surrounded by erectile tissue (corpus spongiosum)

stratified & pseudostratified columnar and stratifed squamous distally)

73
Q

What about the female urethra?

A

urinary only, 4-5 cm

74
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the female urethra?

A

transitional, stratified columnar, pseudostratifed columnar (middle) & stratifed squamous distally
EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER: around middle portion

Organ Histology (5 decks)

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