3. Chromosome Transmission During Cell Division and Sexual Reproduction

Question 1

The structures within living cells that contain the genetic material

Answer 1

Chromosome

Question 2

The complex of DNA and proteins that is found within eukaryotic chromosomes.

Answer 2

Chromatin

Question 3

Bacteria and Archaea. The term refers to the observation that their chromosomes are not contained within a separate nucleus in the cell.

Answer 3

Prokaryotes

Question 4

A darkly staining region that contains the genetic material of mitochondria, chloroplasts, or bacteria.

Answer 4

Nucleoid

Question 5

One of the three domains of life. A defining feature of these organisms is that their cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus.

Answer 5

Eukaryotes

Question 6

A specialized structure within a cell that is surrounded by a single or double membrane.

Answer 6

Organelle

Question 7

A membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells where the chromosomes are found.

Answer 7

Nucleus

Question 8

The field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of chromosomes.

Answer 8

Cytogenetics

Question 9

A scientist who studies chromosomes under the microscope.

Answer 9

Cytogeneticist

Question 10

Any cell of the body except for gametes and germ-line cells that give rise to gametes.

Answer 10

Somatic Cell

Question 11

A reproductive cell (usually haploid) that can unite with another reproductive cell to create a zygote. Sperm and egg cells.

Answer 11

Gamete (Germ Cells)

Question 12

A photographic representation of all the chromosomes within a cell. It reveals how many chromosomes are found within an actively dividing somatic cell.

Answer 12

Karyotype

Question 13

An organism or cell that contains two sets of chromosomes.

Answer 13

Diploid

Question 14

Structures that are similar to each other due to descent from a common ancestor.

Answer 14

Homologs

Question 15

An alternative form of a specific gene.

Answer 15

Allele

Question 16

The physical location of a gene or other DNA segment within a chromosome.

Answer 16

Locus (Loci)

Question 17

A form of reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes; at the cellular level, a preexisting cell divides to produce two new cells.

Answer 17

Asexual Reproduction

Question 18

Consisting of more than one cell.

Answer 18

Multicellularity

Question 19

The physical process whereby a bacterial cell divides into two daughter cells. During this event, the two daughter cells become separated by the formation of a septum.

Answer 19

Binary Fission

Question 20

In eukaryotic cells, a series of stages through which a cell progresses in order to divide. The phases are G for gap, S for synthesis (of the genetic material), and M for mitosis (which includes cytokinesis). There are two G phases, G1 and G2.

Answer 20

Cell Cycle

Question 21

The series of phases G1, S, and G2, during which a eukaryotic cell spends most of its life.

Answer 21

Interphase

Question 22

A point in the G1 phase of the cell cycle at which a cell becomes committed to progress to cell division.

Answer 22

Restriction Point

Question 23

Following chromosomal replication in eukaryotes, the two copies that remain attached to each other

Answer 23

Chromatids

Question 24

Pairs of replicated identical chromosomes that are attached to each other at the centromere.

Answer 24

Sister Chromatids (Dyad)

Question 25

A segment of a eukaryotic chromosome that provides an attachment site for the kinetochore.

Answer 25

Centromere

Question 26

A single chromatid within a dyad.

Answer 26

Monad

Question 27

A group of proteins that attach to the centromere during meiosis and mitosis.

Answer 27

Kinetochore

Question 28

A type of nuclear division into two nuclei, during which each daughter cell receives the same complement of chromosomes.

Answer 28

Mitosis

Question 29

During cell division in eukaryotic cells, a structure is composed of microtubules that sorts the chromosomes.

Answer 29

Mitotic Spindle Apparatus

Question 30

A structure in a eukaryotic cell from which microtubules grow.

Answer 30

Microtubule-Organizing Center (MTOC)

Question 31

A cellular structure from which microtubules emanate.

Answer 31

Centrosome

Question 32

During cell division in eukaryotes, one of two sites in the cell where microtubules originate.

Answer 32

Spindle Pole

Question 33

A pair of structures within each centrosome of animal cells.

Answer 33

Centrioles

Question 34

The microtubules that emanate outward from the centrosome toward the plasma membrane.

Answer 34

Astral Microtubules

Question 35

The microtubules that project toward the region where the chromosomes will be found during mitosis; they overlap each other and play a role in pushing the spindle poles apart.

Answer 35

Polar Microtubules

Question 36

The microtubules that are connected to kinetochores on chromosomes.

Answer 36

Kinetochore Microtubules

Question 37

The first phase of mitosis. The chromosomes have already replicated and begin to condense. The mitotic spindle apparatus starts to form.

Answer 37

Prophase

Question 38

The second phase of mitosis. During this phase, the nuclear membrane vesiculates, and the mitotic spindle is completely formed.

Answer 38

Prometaphase

Question 39

The plane along which pairs of sister chromatids align during metaphase.

Answer 39

Metaphase Plate

Question 40

The third phase of mitosis. The chromosomes align along the central plane of the spindle apparatus, and the formation of the spindle is completed.

Answer 40

Metaphase

Question 41

The fourth phase of mitosis. As anaphase proceeds, half of the chromosomes move to one pole, and the other half move to the other pole.

Answer 41

Anaphase

Question 42

The fifth stage of mitosis. The chromosomes have reached their respective poles and decondense.

Answer 42

Telophase

Question 43

The division of a single cell into two cells. The two nuclei produced in mitosis are segregated into separate daughter cells during cytokinesis.

Answer 43

Cytokinesis

Question 44

A constriction that causes the division of an animal cell into two cells during cytokinesis.

Answer 44

Cleavage Furrow

Question 45

The structure that forms between two daughter plant cells and leads to the separation of the cells by the formation of an intervening cell wall.

Answer 45

Cell Plate

Question 46

A form of nuclear division in which the sorting process results in the production of haploid cells from a diploid cell.

Answer 46

Meiosis

Question 47

Refers to a cell that contains half the genetic material found in somatic cells. For a species that is diploid, a haploid gamete contains a single set of chromosomes.

Answer 47

Haploid

Question 48

The first stage of prophase of meiosis I.

Answer 48

Leptotene

Question 49

The second stage of prophase of meiosis I.

Answer 49

Zygotene

Question 50

The event in which homologous chromosomes recognize each other and then align themselves along their entire lengths.

Answer 50

Synapsis

Question 51

The third stage of prophase of meiosis I.

Answer 51

Pachytene

Question 52

A structure in which two pairs of homologous sister chromatids have synapsed (i.e., aligned) with each other.

Answer 52

Bivalent (Tetrad)

Question 53

A physical exchange of pieces between homologous chromosomes that most commonly occurs during prophase of meiosis I.

Answer 53

Crossing Over

Question 54

The site where crossing over occurs between two chromosomes.

Answer 54

Chiasma (Chiasmata)

Question 55

The fourth stage of prophase of meiosis I.

Answer 55

Diplotene

Question 56

The fifth stage of prophase of meiosis I.

Answer 56

Diakinesis

Question 57

The process whereby parents make gametes (e.g., sperm and egg) that fuse with each other in the process of fertilization to begin the life of a new organism.

Answer 57

Sexual Reproduction

Question 58

The production of gametes (e.g., sperm or egg cells).

Answer 58

Gametogenesis

Question 59

Describes a species that produces morphologically similar gametes.

Answer 59

Isogamous

Question 60

Describes a species that produces two morphologically different types of gametes.

Answer 60

Heterogamous

Question 61

A male gamete that are small and usually travel relatively far distances to reach the female gamete.

Answer 61

Sperm Cell

Question 62

A female gamete that is usually very large and nonmotile.

Answer 62

Egg Cell (Ovum)

Question 63

The production of sperm cells.

Answer 63

Spermatogenesis

Question 64

The production of egg cells.

Answer 64

Oogenesis