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Human Genetics > 3. Chromosome Transmission During Cell Division and Sexual Reproduction > Flashcards

3. Chromosome Transmission During Cell Division and Sexual Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The structures within living cells that contain the genetic material

A

Chromosome

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2
Q

The complex of DNA and proteins that is found within eukaryotic chromosomes.

A

Chromatin

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3
Q

Bacteria and Archaea. The term refers to the observation that their chromosomes are not contained within a separate nucleus in the cell.

A

Prokaryotes

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4
Q

A darkly staining region that contains the genetic material of mitochondria, chloroplasts, or bacteria.

A

Nucleoid

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5
Q

One of the three domains of life. A defining feature of these organisms is that their cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus.

A

Eukaryotes

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6
Q

A specialized structure within a cell that is surrounded by a single or double membrane.

A

Organelle

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7
Q

A membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells where the chromosomes are found.

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

The field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of chromosomes.

A

Cytogenetics

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9
Q

A scientist who studies chromosomes under the microscope.

A

Cytogeneticist

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10
Q

Any cell of the body except for gametes and germ-line cells that give rise to gametes.

A

Somatic Cell

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11
Q

A reproductive cell (usually haploid) that can unite with another reproductive cell to create a zygote. Sperm and egg cells.

A

Gamete (Germ Cells)

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12
Q

A photographic representation of all the chromosomes within a cell. It reveals how many chromosomes are found within an actively dividing somatic cell.

A

Karyotype

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13
Q

An organism or cell that contains two sets of chromosomes.

A

Diploid

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14
Q

Structures that are similar to each other due to descent from a common ancestor.

A

Homologs

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15
Q

An alternative form of a specific gene.

A

Allele

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16
Q

The physical location of a gene or other DNA segment within a chromosome.

A

Locus (Loci)

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17
Q

A form of reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes; at the cellular level, a preexisting cell divides to produce two new cells.

A

Asexual Reproduction

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18
Q

Consisting of more than one cell.

A

Multicellularity

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19
Q

The physical process whereby a bacterial cell divides into two daughter cells. During this event, the two daughter cells become separated by the formation of a septum.

A

Binary Fission

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20
Q

In eukaryotic cells, a series of stages through which a cell progresses in order to divide. The phases are G for gap, S for synthesis (of the genetic material), and M for mitosis (which includes cytokinesis). There are two G phases, G1 and G2.

A

Cell Cycle

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21
Q

The series of phases G1, S, and G2, during which a eukaryotic cell spends most of its life.

A

Interphase

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22
Q

A point in the G1 phase of the cell cycle at which a cell becomes committed to progress to cell division.

A

Restriction Point

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23
Q

Following chromosomal replication in eukaryotes, the two copies that remain attached to each other

A

Chromatids

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24
Q

Pairs of replicated identical chromosomes that are attached to each other at the centromere.

A

Sister Chromatids (Dyad)

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25
Q

A segment of a eukaryotic chromosome that provides an attachment site for the kinetochore.

A

Centromere

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26
Q

A single chromatid within a dyad.

A

Monad

27
Q

A group of proteins that attach to the centromere during meiosis and mitosis.

A

Kinetochore

28
Q

A type of nuclear division into two nuclei, during which each daughter cell receives the same complement of chromosomes.

A

Mitosis

29
Q

During cell division in eukaryotic cells, a structure is composed of microtubules that sorts the chromosomes.

A

Mitotic Spindle Apparatus

30
Q

A structure in a eukaryotic cell from which microtubules grow.

A

Microtubule-Organizing Center (MTOC)

31
Q

A cellular structure from which microtubules emanate.

A

Centrosome

32
Q

During cell division in eukaryotes, one of two sites in the cell where microtubules originate.

A

Spindle Pole

33
Q

A pair of structures within each centrosome of animal cells.

A

Centrioles

34
Q

The microtubules that emanate outward from the centrosome toward the plasma membrane.

A

Astral Microtubules

35
Q

The microtubules that project toward the region where the chromosomes will be found during mitosis; they overlap each other and play a role in pushing the spindle poles apart.

A

Polar Microtubules

36
Q

The microtubules that are connected to kinetochores on chromosomes.

A

Kinetochore Microtubules

37
Q

The first phase of mitosis. The chromosomes have already replicated and begin to condense. The mitotic spindle apparatus starts to form.

A

Prophase

38
Q

The second phase of mitosis. During this phase, the nuclear membrane vesiculates, and the mitotic spindle is completely formed.

A

Prometaphase

39
Q

The plane along which pairs of sister chromatids align during metaphase.

A

Metaphase Plate

40
Q

The third phase of mitosis. The chromosomes align along the central plane of the spindle apparatus, and the formation of the spindle is completed.

A

Metaphase

41
Q

The fourth phase of mitosis. As anaphase proceeds, half of the chromosomes move to one pole, and the other half move to the other pole.

A

Anaphase

42
Q

The fifth stage of mitosis. The chromosomes have reached their respective poles and decondense.

A

Telophase

43
Q

The division of a single cell into two cells. The two nuclei produced in mitosis are segregated into separate daughter cells during cytokinesis.

A

Cytokinesis

44
Q

A constriction that causes the division of an animal cell into two cells during cytokinesis.

A

Cleavage Furrow

45
Q

The structure that forms between two daughter plant cells and leads to the separation of the cells by the formation of an intervening cell wall.

A

Cell Plate

46
Q

A form of nuclear division in which the sorting process results in the production of haploid cells from a diploid cell.

A

Meiosis

47
Q

Refers to a cell that contains half the genetic material found in somatic cells. For a species that is diploid, a haploid gamete contains a single set of chromosomes.

A

Haploid

48
Q

The first stage of prophase of meiosis I.

A

Leptotene

49
Q

The second stage of prophase of meiosis I.

A

Zygotene

50
Q

The event in which homologous chromosomes recognize each other and then align themselves along their entire lengths.

A

Synapsis

51
Q

The third stage of prophase of meiosis I.

A

Pachytene

52
Q

A structure in which two pairs of homologous sister chromatids have synapsed (i.e., aligned) with each other.

A

Bivalent (Tetrad)

53
Q

A physical exchange of pieces between homologous chromosomes that most commonly occurs during prophase of meiosis I.

A

Crossing Over

54
Q

The site where crossing over occurs between two chromosomes.

A

Chiasma (Chiasmata)

55
Q

The fourth stage of prophase of meiosis I.

A

Diplotene

56
Q

The fifth stage of prophase of meiosis I.

A

Diakinesis

57
Q

The process whereby parents make gametes (e.g., sperm and egg) that fuse with each other in the process of fertilization to begin the life of a new organism.

A

Sexual Reproduction

58
Q

The production of gametes (e.g., sperm or egg cells).

A

Gametogenesis

59
Q

Describes a species that produces morphologically similar gametes.

A

Isogamous

60
Q

Describes a species that produces two morphologically different types of gametes.

A

Heterogamous

61
Q

A male gamete that are small and usually travel relatively far distances to reach the female gamete.

A

Sperm Cell

62
Q

A female gamete that is usually very large and nonmotile.

A

Egg Cell (Ovum)

63
Q

The production of sperm cells.

A

Spermatogenesis

64
Q

The production of egg cells.

A

Oogenesis

Human Genetics (13 decks)

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