22. Genomics I: Analysis of DNA

Question 1

all of the chromosomes and DNA sequences that an organism or species can possess.

Answer 1

Genome

Question 2

the molecular analysis of the entire genome of a species.

Answer 2

Genomics

Question 3

the study of gene function at the genome level. It involves the study of many genes simultaneously.

Answer 3

Functional Genomics

Question 4

the study of protein function at the genome level. It involves the study of many proteins simultaneously.

Answer 4

Proteomics

Question 5

the experimental process of determining the relative locations of genes or other segments of DNA on individual chromosomes.

Answer 5

Mapping

Question 6

determining the locations of specific genetic sequences within chromosomes using microscopy. Also called cytological mapping.

Answer 6

Cytogenetic Mapping

Question 7

determining the relative spacing and order of genes along a chromosome by analyzing the outcomes of crosses.

Answer 7

Linkage Mapping

Question 8

determining the locations of and distances between genes and other genetic sequences on a chromosome using DNA-cloning and/or DNA sequencing techniques.

Answer 8

Physical Mapping

Question 9

a diagram that shows the relative locations of genes or other DNA segments on a chromosome.

Answer 9

Genetic (Chromosome) Map

Question 10

the physical location of a gene or other DNA segment within a chromosome.

Answer 10

Locus (Loci)

Question 11

a technique used to cytologically map the locations of genes or other DNA sequences within large eukaryotic chromosomes. In this method, a complementary probe is used to detect the location of a gene within a set of chromosomes.

Answer 11

In Situ Hybridization

Question 12

the phenomenon in which two single-stranded DNA molecules from different sources bind to form a hybrid molecule.

Answer 12

Hybridization

Question 13

a form of in situ hybridization in which the DNA probe is fluorescently labeled.

Answer 13

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

Question 14

the use of fluorescently labeled probes to identify multiple sites along one or more chromosomes. The probes are usually assigned different computer-generated colors.

Answer 14

Chromosome Painting

Question 15

a segment of DNA that is found at a specific site along a chromosome and has properties that enable it to be uniquely recognized using molecular tools, such as PCR and gel electrophoresis.

Answer 15

Molecular Marker

Question 16

a term used to describe a trait or gene (or other segment of DNA) that is found in two or more forms in a population.

Answer 16

Polymorphic

Question 17

a molecular marker composed of many repeated copies of a short sequence. Microsatellites are interspersed throughout a genome and are quite variable in length among different individuals. They can be amplified by PCR.

Answer 17

Microsatellites

Question 18

a short segment of DNA, whose base sequence is found to be unique within an entire genome. Sequence-tagged sites are identified by PCR.

Answer 18

Sequence-Tagged Site (STS)

Question 19

with regard to genetic diseases, an individual who lived many generations ago and was the person in which the disease-causing allele originated.

Answer 19

Founder

Question 20

a series of clones that contain contiguous, overlapping pieces of chromosomal DNA.

Answer 20

Contig

Question 21

cloning vectors that can accommodate large DNA inserts and behave like chromosomes when inside of living cells.

Answer 21

Artificial Chromosomes

Question 22

a cloning vector propagated in yeast that can reliably contain very large inserted fragments of DNA.

Answer 22

yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)

Question 23

a type of cloning vector that propagates in bacteria and is used to clone large fragments of DNA.

Answer 23

bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)

Question 24

a type of cloning vector developed from P1 bacteriophage DNA that can carry an insert with a length of 300,000 bp or more.

Answer 24

P1 artificial chromosome (PAC)

Question 25

a cloning strategy in which a gene is cloned based on its mapped position on a chromosome.

Answer 25

positional cloning

Question 26

a method used in positional cloning in which a mapped gene or molecular marker provides a starting point from which to molecularly “walk” toward a gene of interest via overlapping clones.

Answer 26

chromosome walking

Question 27

the procedure of making smaller DNA clones from a larger one.

Answer 27

subcloning

Question 28

research endeavors that have the ultimate goal of determining the sequence of DNA bases of the entire genome of a given species.

Answer 28

genome-sequencing projects

Question 29

a genome-sequencing approach in which DNA fragments to be sequenced are randomly generated from larger DNA fragments.

Answer 29

shotgun sequencing

Question 30

a worldwide collaborative project that provided a detailed map of the human genome and obtained its complete DNA sequence.

Answer 30

Human Genome Project

Question 31

the ability to sequence large amounts of DNA in a short period of time. It usually involves the sequencing of many samples at the same time.

Answer 31

high-throughput sequencing

Question 32

newer DNA-sequencing technologies that are more rapid and inexpensive than the dideoxy method.

Answer 32

next-generation sequencing technologies

Question 33

a type of next-generation DNA-sequencing technology.

Answer 33

pyrosequencing

Question 34

a next-generation DNA-sequencing method in which the synthesis of DNA is directly monitored to deduce the base sequence.

Answer 34

sequencing by synthesis (SBS)

Question 35

using information from genome-sequencing projects to understand the genetic variation between different populations and evolutionary relationships among different species.

Answer 35

comparative genomics

Question 36

the study of a complex mixture of genetic material obtained from an environmental sample.

Answer 36

metagenomics

Question 37

a collection of genes from an environmental sample.

Answer 37

metagenome