22. Genomics I: Analysis of DNA Flashcards
all of the chromosomes and DNA sequences that an organism or species can possess.
Genome
the molecular analysis of the entire genome of a species.
Genomics
the study of gene function at the genome level. It involves the study of many genes simultaneously.
Functional Genomics
the study of protein function at the genome level. It involves the study of many proteins simultaneously.
Proteomics
the experimental process of determining the relative locations of genes or other segments of DNA on individual chromosomes.
Mapping
determining the locations of specific genetic sequences within chromosomes using microscopy. Also called cytological mapping.
Cytogenetic Mapping
determining the relative spacing and order of genes along a chromosome by analyzing the outcomes of crosses.
Linkage Mapping
determining the locations of and distances between genes and other genetic sequences on a chromosome using DNA-cloning and/or DNA sequencing techniques.
Physical Mapping
a diagram that shows the relative locations of genes or other DNA segments on a chromosome.
Genetic (Chromosome) Map
the physical location of a gene or other DNA segment within a chromosome.
Locus (Loci)
a technique used to cytologically map the locations of genes or other DNA sequences within large eukaryotic chromosomes. In this method, a complementary probe is used to detect the location of a gene within a set of chromosomes.
In Situ Hybridization
the phenomenon in which two single-stranded DNA molecules from different sources bind to form a hybrid molecule.
Hybridization
a form of in situ hybridization in which the DNA probe is fluorescently labeled.
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
the use of fluorescently labeled probes to identify multiple sites along one or more chromosomes. The probes are usually assigned different computer-generated colors.
Chromosome Painting
a segment of DNA that is found at a specific site along a chromosome and has properties that enable it to be uniquely recognized using molecular tools, such as PCR and gel electrophoresis.
Molecular Marker
a term used to describe a trait or gene (or other segment of DNA) that is found in two or more forms in a population.
Polymorphic
a molecular marker composed of many repeated copies of a short sequence. Microsatellites are interspersed throughout a genome and are quite variable in length among different individuals. They can be amplified by PCR.
Microsatellites
a short segment of DNA, whose base sequence is found to be unique within an entire genome. Sequence-tagged sites are identified by PCR.
Sequence-Tagged Site (STS)
with regard to genetic diseases, an individual who lived many generations ago and was the person in which the disease-causing allele originated.
Founder
a series of clones that contain contiguous, overlapping pieces of chromosomal DNA.
Contig
cloning vectors that can accommodate large DNA inserts and behave like chromosomes when inside of living cells.
Artificial Chromosomes
a cloning vector propagated in yeast that can reliably contain very large inserted fragments of DNA.
yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)
a type of cloning vector that propagates in bacteria and is used to clone large fragments of DNA.
bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)
a type of cloning vector developed from P1 bacteriophage DNA that can carry an insert with a length of 300,000 bp or more.
P1 artificial chromosome (PAC)
a cloning strategy in which a gene is cloned based on its mapped position on a chromosome.
positional cloning
a method used in positional cloning in which a mapped gene or molecular marker provides a starting point from which to molecularly “walk” toward a gene of interest via overlapping clones.
chromosome walking
the procedure of making smaller DNA clones from a larger one.
subcloning
research endeavors that have the ultimate goal of determining the sequence of DNA bases of the entire genome of a given species.
genome-sequencing projects
a genome-sequencing approach in which DNA fragments to be sequenced are randomly generated from larger DNA fragments.
shotgun sequencing
a worldwide collaborative project that provided a detailed map of the human genome and obtained its complete DNA sequence.
Human Genome Project
the ability to sequence large amounts of DNA in a short period of time. It usually involves the sequencing of many samples at the same time.
high-throughput sequencing
newer DNA-sequencing technologies that are more rapid and inexpensive than the dideoxy method.
next-generation sequencing technologies
a type of next-generation DNA-sequencing technology.
pyrosequencing
a next-generation DNA-sequencing method in which the synthesis of DNA is directly monitored to deduce the base sequence.
sequencing by synthesis (SBS)
using information from genome-sequencing projects to understand the genetic variation between different populations and evolutionary relationships among different species.
comparative genomics
the study of a complex mixture of genetic material obtained from an environmental sample.
metagenomics
a collection of genes from an environmental sample.
metagenome
