11. DNA Replication

Question 1

the process in which original DNA strands are used as templates for the synthesis of new DNA strands.

Answer 1

DNA Replication

Question 2

a strand of DNA that is used to synthesize a complementary strand of DNA or RNA.

Answer 2

Template (Parental) Strand

Question 3

in DNA replication, the two newly made strands of DNA.

Answer 3

Daughter Strands

Question 4

an incorrect model of DNA replication in which both parental strands of DNA remain together following DNA replication.

Answer 4

Conservative Model

Question 5

the correct model for DNA replication in which the newly made double-stranded DNA contains one parental strand and one daughter strand.

Answer 5

Semiconservative Model

Question 6

an incorrect model for DNA replication in which segments of parental DNA and newly made DNA are interspersed in both strands following the replication process.

Answer 6

Dispersive Model

Question 7

a site on a chromosome that functions as an initiation site for the assembly of several proteins that begin the process of DNA replication.

Answer 7

Origin of Replication

Question 8

the manner in which two replication forks move, in opposite directions outward from the origin

Answer 8

Bidirectional

Question 9

the region in which two DNA strands have separated and new strands are being synthesized.

Answer 9

Replication Fork

Question 10

a protein that binds to a DnaA box sequence at the origin of replication in bacteria and initiates DNA replication.

Answer 10

DnaA Protein

Question 11

a DNA sequence that serves as a recognition site for the binding of a DnaA protein, which is involved in the initiation of bacterial DNA replication.

Answer 11

DnaA Box

Question 12

an enzyme that separates the two strands of DNA.

Answer 12

DNA Helicase

Question 13

the phenomenon in which two DNA replication forks emanate in opposite directions from an origin of replication.

Answer 13

Bidirectional Replication

Question 14

an enzyme that introduces negative supercoils into DNA using energy from ATP and that can also relax positive supercoils when they occur.

Answer 14

DNA Gyrase (Topoisomerase II)

Question 15

proteins that bind to both of the single strands of DNA during DNA replication and prevent them from re-forming a double helix.

Answer 15

Single-Strand Binding Proteins

Question 16

a short strand of RNA, made by primase, that is used to elongate a strand of DNA during DNA replication.

Answer 16

RNA Primer

Question 17

an enzyme that synthesizes short RNA primers during DNA replication.

Answer 17

Primase

Question 18

a strand during DNA replication that is synthesized continuously toward the replication fork.

Answer 18

Leading Strand

Question 19

a strand during DNA replication that is synthesized as short Okazaki fragments in the direction away from the replication fork.

Answer 19

Lagging Strand

Question 20

an enzyme that catalyzes the covalent attachment of nucleotides to form a strand of DNA.

Answer 20

DNA Polymerase

Question 21

short segments of DNA that are synthesized to produce the lagging strand during DNA replication.

Answer 21

Okazaki Fragments

Question 22

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a covalent bond within the sugar-phosphate backbones of two DNA strands.

Answer 22

DNA Ligase

Question 23

a protein complex that includes DNA helicase and primase.

Answer 23

Primosome

Question 24

a complex that contains a primosome and dimeric DNA polymerase.

Answer 24

Replisome

Question 25

a complex of two DNA polymerase holoenzymes that move as a unit during DNA replication.

Answer 25

Dimeric DNA Polymerase

Question 26

in E. coli, a pair of sequences in the chromosome that bind a protein known as the termination utilization substance (Tus), which stops the movement of the replication forks.

Answer 26

Termination Sequences (Ter Sequences)

Question 27

intertwined circular molecules.

Answer 27

Catenanes

Question 28

a mutant whose phenotype depends on the environmental conditions, such as a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant.

Answer 28

Conditional Mutant

Question 29

a mutant that has a normal phenotype at a permissive temperature but a different phenotype, such as failure to grow, at a nonpermissive temperature.

Answer 29

Temperature-Sensitive (ts) Mutant

Question 30

an enzyme, such as RNA or DNA polymerase, which glides along the template strand and does not dissociate from it while catalyzing the covalent attachment of nucleotides.

Answer 30

Processive Enzyme

Question 31

a term used to describe the accuracy of a process.

Answer 31

Fidelity

Question 32

the ability of DNA polymerase to remove mismatched bases from a newly made strand.

Answer 32

Proofreading Function

Question 33

DNA sequences found in yeast that function as origins of replication.

Answer 33

Automatic Replicating Sequence (ARS) Elements

Question 34

in eukaryotes, an assembly of at least 14 different proteins, including a group of proteins called the origin recognition complex (ORC), which acts as the first initiator of preRC assembly.

Answer 34

Prereplication Complex (preRC)

Question 35

a group of proteins found in eukaryotes that acts as the first initiator of preRC assembly to begin DNA replication.

Answer 35

Origin Recognition Complex (ORC)

Question 36

a group of six proteins needed to complete a process called DNA replication licensing, which is necessary for the formation of two replication forks at an origin of replication in eukaryotes.

Answer 36

MCM Helicase

Question 37

in eukaryotes, occurs when MCM helicase is bound at an origin of replication, enabling the formation of two replication forks.

Answer 37

DNA Replication Licensing

Question 38

an exchange of one type of DNA polymerase for another type during DNA replication.

Answer 38

Polymerase Switch

Question 39

a type of DNA polymerase that can replicate over a DNA region that contains an abnormal structure (i.e., a lesion).

Answer 39

Translesion-Replicating Polymerase

Question 40

an enzyme that removes small RNA flaps that are generated by the action of DNA polymerase δ. It removes RNA primers during DNA replication.

Answer 40

Flap Endonuclease

Question 41

specialized repeated sequences found at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.

Answer 41

Telomeres

Question 42

the enzyme that recognizes telomeric sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes and synthesizes additional repeats of those telomeric sequences.

Answer 42

Telomerase

Question 43

the RNA component of telomerase.

Answer 43

TERC

Question 44

the enzyme within telomerase that uses RNA as a template to make DNA.

Answer 44

Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT)

Question 45

describes a cell that is no longer capable of dividing.

Answer 45

Senescent