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Human Genetics > 13. Translation of mRNA > Flashcards

13. Translation of mRNA Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the process in which the sequence of codons within mRNA provides the information to synthesize the sequence of amino acids that constitute a polypeptide.

A

Translation

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2
Q

genes that produce mRNA and encode polypeptides

A

Protein-Coding (Structural) Genes

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3
Q

a type of RNA that is transcribed from a protein-encoding gene and contains the information for the synthesis of a polypeptide.

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

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4
Q

a human genetic disorder involving the accumulation of homogentisic acid in the body due to a lack of the enzyme homogentisic acid oxidase.

A

Alkaptonuria

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5
Q

a genetic disease that involves a defect in a metabolic enzyme.

A

Inborn Error of Metabolism

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6
Q

the idea, which later needed to be expanded, that one gene encodes one enzyme.

A

One-Gene/One-Enzyme Hypothesis

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7
Q

a linear sequence of amino acids that is the product of mRNA translation. One or more polypeptides fold and associate with each other to form a functional protein.

A

Polypeptide

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8
Q

a functional unit composed of one or more polypeptides.

A

Protein

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9
Q

the correspondence between a codon (i.e., a sequence of three bases in an mRNA molecule) and the functional role that the codon plays during translation. Each codon specifies a particular amino acid or the end of translation.

A

Genetic Code

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10
Q

a codon that encodes a specific amino acid.

A

Sense Codon

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11
Q

a three-base sequence in mRNA that initiates translation. It is usually 5′-AUG-3′ and encodes methionine.

A

Start Codon

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12
Q

a three-base sequence in mRNA that signals the end of translation of a polypeptide. The three stop codons are 5′–UAA–3′, 5′–UAG–3′, and 5′–UGA–3′.

A

Stop (Termination, Nonsense) Codon

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13
Q

in an mRNA, the region at the 5′ end that precedes the codons that are translated into an amino acid sequence within a polypeptide.

A

5’-Untranslated Region

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14
Q

in an mRNA, the region at the 3′ end that follows the codons that are translated into an amino acid sequence within a polypeptide.

A

3’-Untranslated Region

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15
Q

a three-nucleotide sequence in tRNA that is complementary to a codon in mRNA.

A

Anticodon

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16
Q

in genetics, this term means that more that one codon specifies the same amino acid. For example, the codons GGU, GGC, GGA, and GGG all specify the amino acid glycine.

A

Degeneracy

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17
Q

two or more different codons that specify the same amino acid.

A

Synonymous Codons

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18
Q

a series of codons determined by reading bases in groups of three beginning with the start codon as a frame of reference.

A

Reading Frame

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19
Q

a nonstandard amino acid that may be incorporated into polypeptides during translation.

A

Selenocysteine (Sec)

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20
Q

a nonstandard amino acid that may be incorporated into polypeptides during translation.

A

Pyrrolysine (Pyl)

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21
Q

a covalent bond formed between the carboxyl group in one amino acid in a polypeptide and the amino group in the next amino acid.

A

Peptide Bond

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22
Q

the location of the first amino acid in a polypeptide. The amino acid at the amino-terminus retains a free amino group that is not covalently attached to the second amino acid.

A

Amino-Terminus (N-Terminus)

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23
Q

the location of the last amino acid in a polypeptide chain. The amino acid at the carboxyl-terminus retains a free carboxyl group that is not covalently attached to another amino acid.

A

Carboxyl-Terminus (C-Terminus)

24
Q

in an amino acid, the chemical structure attached to the carbon atom (i.e., the α carbon) that is located between the amino and carboxyl groups.

A

Side Chain (R Group)

25
Q

with regard to proteins, the linear sequence of amino acids that forms a polypeptide.

A

Primary Structure

26
Q

a protein that aids in the folding of polypeptides.

A

Chaperone

27
Q

a regular repeating pattern of molecular structure, such as the DNA double helix or the α helix and β sheet found in proteins.

A

Secondary Structure

28
Q

a type of secondary structure found in proteins.

A

α Helix

29
Q

a type of secondary structure found in proteins.

A

β sheet

30
Q

the three-dimensional structure of a macromolecule, such as the tertiary structure of a polypeptide.

A

Tertiary Structure

31
Q

the structure of a functional protein formed when two or more polypeptides associate with each other.

A

Quaternary Structure

32
Q

a component of a larger complex. In a protein, each subunit is a single polypeptide.

A

Subunit

33
Q

an experimental mixture that can synthesize polypeptides.

A

Cell-Free Translation System

34
Q

a hypothesis that proposes a tRNA has two functions: recognizing a three-base codon sequence in mRNA and carrying an amino acid that is specific for that codon.

A

Adaptor Hypothesis

35
Q

an enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of a specific amino acid to the correct tRNA.

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase

36
Q

a tRNA that has an amino acid attached to its 3′ end by a covalent bond.

A

Charged tRNA (Aminoacyl-tRNA)

37
Q

rules that govern the binding specificity between the third base in a codon and the first base in an anticodon.

A

Wobble Rules

38
Q

two or more tRNAs that differ at the wobble position but can recognize the same codon.

A

Isoacceptor tRNAs

39
Q

a large macromolecular structure that acts as the catalytic site for polypeptide synthesis and allows the mRNA and tRNAs to be positioned correctly as the polypeptide is made.

A

Ribosome

40
Q

an organelle within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells where the assembly of ribosomal subunits occurs.

A

Nucleolus

41
Q

an mRNA transcript that has many bound ribosomes in the act of translation.

A

Polyribosom (Polysome)

42
Q

a site on a ribosome that carries a tRNA along with a polypeptide.

A

Peptidyl Site (P Site)

43
Q

a site on a ribosome where a charged tRNA initially binds.

A

Aminoacyl Site (A Site)

44
Q

a site on a ribosome where an uncharged tRNA binds and then is released.

A

Exit Site (E Site)

45
Q

(1) in transcription, the stage that involves the initial binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter in order to begin RNA synthesis; (2) in translation, the formation of a complex between mRNA, the initiator tRNA, and the ribosomal subunits.

A

Initiation

46
Q

(1) in transcription, the synthesis of an RNA transcript using DNA as a template; (2) in translation, the synthesis of a polypeptide using the information within mRNA.

A

Elongation

47
Q

(1) in transcription, the release of the newly made RNA transcript and RNA polymerase from the DNA; (2) in translation, the release of the polypeptide and the last tRNA and the disassembly of the ribosomal subunits and mRNA.

A

Termination

48
Q

during translation, the tRNA that recognizes the start codon in the mRNA.

A

Initiator tRNA

49
Q

a set of rules that identify the most favorable types of bases to flank a eukaryotic start codon in an mRNA molecule.

A

Kozak’s Rules

50
Q

the ability of 16S rRNA to detect when an incorrect tRNA is bound at the A site and prevent elongation until the mispaired tRNA is released from the A site.

A

Decoding Function

51
Q

the step during the elongation stage of translation in which the polypeptide is removed from the tRNA in the P site and transferred to the amino acid at the A site.

A

Peptidyl Transfer

52
Q

a complex that functions during translation to catalyze the formation of a peptide bond between the amino acid in the A site of the ribosome and the growing polypeptide.

A

Peptidyl Transferase

53
Q

a protein that recognizes a stop codon and promotes termination of translation and the release of the completed polypeptide.

A

Release Factor

54
Q

any substance produced by a microorganism that inhibits the growth of other microorganisms, such as pathogenic bacteria.

A

Antibiotic

55
Q
A

Human Genetics (29 decks)

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