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Biology > 3. Cells > Flashcards

3. Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Name all the sub-cellular structures in an animal cell

A
  • nucleus
  • cell-surface membrane
  • mitochondria
  • Golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes
  • ribosomes
  • rough & smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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2
Q

Name all the sub-cellular structures ONLY found in a plant cell

A
  • chloroplasts
  • cell wall
  • cell vacuole
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3
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus

A
  • nuclear envelope. A double membrane with endoplasmic reticulum and often ribosomes on its surface. Controls the entry of substances.
  • nuclear pores. Allows passage of large molecules out of the nucleus
  • nucleoplasm
  • chromosomes
  • nucleolus. Manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomes.
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4
Q

Describe the function of the nucleus

A
  • acts of the control centre of the cell through the production of mRNA and tRNA
  • retains gentic material in the form of DNA and chromosomes
  • manufacture ribosomal RNA and ribosomes
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5
Q

Describe the structure of the mitochondria

A
  • double membrane. Controls the entry of substances.
  • cristae. The folds created by the inner membrane provide a large SA for attachment of enzymes
  • matrix. Within the inner membrane and contains protein, lipid, ribosomes. DNA and enzymes involved in respiration that allows the mitochondria to control the production of their own proteins.
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6
Q

Describe the function of mitochondria

A

-site of aerobic respiration (krebs and oxidative phosphorylation)

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7
Q

Describe the structure of chloroplasts

A
  • chloroplast envelope. Double plasma membrane
  • the grana. Stacks of thylakoids which chlorophyll is kept within. This is where the first stage of photosynthesis
  • The stroma. Fluid filled matrix where second stage of photosynthesis takes place.
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8
Q

Describe how chloroplasts are adapted to their function

A
  • granal membranes provide large SA for the attachment of chlorophyll, electron carriers and enzymes that carry out the first stage of photosynthesis.
  • fluid of stroma possesses all the enzymes needed to make sugars in the second stage of photosynthesis.
  • chloroplasts contain both DNA and ribosomes so they can quickly and easily manufacture proteins needed for photosynthesis
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9
Q

Describe the difference in structure if RER and SER

A

RER has ribosomes present on the outer surface of the membranes, SER does not and is more tubular in appearance

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10
Q

Describe the function of RER

A
  • provide a large SA for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins
  • transport substances especially proteins throughout the cell
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11
Q

Describe the function of SER

A
  • synthesis store and transport lipids

- synthesise store and transport carbohydrates

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12
Q

Describe the function of Golgi apparatus

A
  • add carbohydrate to proteins to form glycoproteins
  • produce secretory enzymes
  • secrete carbohydrates
  • transport, modify and store lipids
  • form lysosomes
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13
Q

Describe the function of lysosomes

A
  • hydrolyse substances ingested by phagocytic cells
  • release enzymes to outside the cell (exocytosis) in order to destroy material around the cell
  • digest damaged organelles to recycle substances
  • break down of cells after they have died (autolysis)
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14
Q

What are the two kinds of ribosomes

A
  • 80s are found in eukaryotic cells, 25 nm in diameter

- 70s are found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts and are slightly smaller

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15
Q

Name the constituent parts of a ribosome

A
  • RNA

- protein

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16
Q

What is the function of a ribosome

A

They are the site of protein synthesis

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17
Q

Describe the structure of a cell wall

A
  • consist of a number of polysaccharides such as cellulose

- There is a thin layer, called the middle lamella which marks the boundary between adjacent cells.

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18
Q

Describe the function of a cell wall

A

To provide mechanical strength

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19
Q

Describe cell walls in algae and fungi

A
  • in algae they are made of cellulose and or glycoproteins

- in fungi they are made from a nitrogenous substance called chitin, a polysaccharide called glycan and glycoproteins

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20
Q

Describe the structure of a bacterial cell

A
  • cell wall, made of murein
  • slime capsule, around this wall
  • cell surface membrane, inside the cell wall
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosomes, 70s
  • circular DNA and plasmids
  • flagella
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21
Q

Describe differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A
  • pro have no nucleus, eu have distinct nucleus
  • pro DNA is not associated with proteins, eu is associated with proteins called histones
  • circular DNA and plasmids, linear DNA and no plasmids
  • pro has no membrane bound organelles, eu has
  • ribosomes are different sizes
  • pro cell wall made of murein and eu is cellulose
  • pro may have slime capsule, eu doesn’t
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22
Q

Describe the structure of a virus

A
  • contain genetic material (RNA)
  • reverse transcriptase
  • capsid enclosing genetic material and enzymes
  • lipid envelope surrounding everything
  • attachment proteins on liquid envelope
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23
Q

Describe the limitations of an optical microscope

A
  • poor resolution

- poor magnification

24
Q

Describe the advantages of a transmission electron microscope

A
  • high resolution

- high magnification

25
Q

Describe the limitations of a transmission electron microscope

A
  • system must be in vacuum so living cells cannot be observed
  • complex staining process
  • specimen must be extremely thin
  • image may contain artefacts
26
Q

Describe the advantages of a scanning electron microscope

A
  • high resolution
  • high magnification
  • specimen does not need to be thin
27
Q

Describe the limitations of a scanning electron microscope

A
  • lower resolving power than TEM
  • system must be in vacuum so living cells cannot be observed
  • complex staining process
  • image may contain artefacts
28
Q

Describe the advantages of an optical microscope

A
  • living cells can be observed

- colour can be observed

29
Q

Define resolution

A

The ability to distinguish two points

30
Q

Define magnification

A

How many times bigger an image is relative to the object

31
Q

Magnification equation

A

mag= image/real

32
Q

What are the stages of cell fractionation

A
  • homogenation

- ultracentrifugation

33
Q

Describe and explain the conditions for cell fractionation

A
  • cold, to reduce enzyme activity
  • solution same water potential as the tissue, to prevent movement of water via osmosis causing bursting or shrinking
  • buffered solution, maintain pH which could alter structure or enzymes
34
Q

Describe the first step of cell fractionation

A

In homogenation cells are broken up in a blender which releases organelles from the cell

35
Q

Describe the second step of cell fractionation

A

Ultracentrifugation is the process by which the fragments in the filtered homogenate are centrifuged.

  • filtrate is spun in centrifuge at low speeds
  • densest organelles are forced to the bottom where they form a pellet
  • fluid at the top of the tube is removed
  • the fluid at the top is transferred and spun at an increased speed
  • the next densest organelles are forced to the bottom
  • the process is repeated until all the organelles are separated out
36
Q

Describe the function of a vacuole

A
  • make cells turgid
  • contains sugars and amino acids that may act as a temporary food source
  • pigments may colour petals to attract pollinating insects
37
Q

Define a tissue

A

Collection of similar cells that perform a specific function

38
Q

Define an organ

A

A combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions

39
Q

Define an organ system

A

A collection of organs that are group together to perform a particular function

40
Q

What is produced in mitosis

A

Two daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell and each other

41
Q

What is produced in meiosis

A

Four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

42
Q

What is mitosis

A

Division of a cell that results in each of the genetically identical daughter cells having an exact copy of the DNA of the parent cell

43
Q

What is the period that precedes mitosis called

A

Interphase

44
Q

What happens during interphase

A

DNA is replicated

45
Q

Name the stages on mitosis

A
  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telephase and cytokinesis
46
Q

What happens during prophase

A
  • chromosomes first become visible
  • centrioles move to the poles
  • spindle fibres develop
47
Q

What happens during metaphase

A

-spindle fibres attach to centromeres of chromosomes and line them up along the equator

48
Q

What happens during anaphase

A
  • centromeres divide into two and the spindle fibres pull the individual chromatid pairs to opposite poles
  • energy for this is provided by mitochondria
49
Q

What happens during telophase

A
  • chromosomes reach poles and become thinner until they disappear leaving widely spread chromatin
  • spindle fibres disintegrate
  • nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reform
  • cytokinesis (cytoplasm divides)
50
Q

What kind of cell division occurs in prokaryotic cells

A

Binary fission

51
Q

Describe the steps in binary fission

A
  • circular DNA and plasmids replicate
  • cell membrane begins to grows and divides the cytoplasm
  • cell walls form between the two molecules of DNA dividing the original cell into two identical daughter cells, each with a single copy of DNA and a variable number of plasmids
52
Q

How do virus’ replicate

A
  • virus’ are non-living and therefore cannot undergo cell division
  • they inject their genetic material into a host cell
  • cells machinery assembles this which is a new virus
53
Q

What are the stages in the cell cycle

A
  • interphase
  • mitosis
  • cytokinesis
54
Q

What is cancer

A

Uncontrolled growth and cell division causing tumours

55
Q

What is the difference between benign and malignant tumours

A
  • benign tumours grow more slowly and are more compact so are less life threatening
  • malignant tumours grow more rapidly and are less compact so are more life threatening
56
Q

Drugs used to treat cancer usually disrupt the cell cycle, how does it do this

A
  • preventing DNA from replicating

- inhibiting the metaphase stage of mitosis by interfering with spindle formation

57
Q

What is the problem with cancer treatment

A

They also disrupt the cell cycle of normal cells.

Biology (23 decks)

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