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Biology > 2. Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

2. Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What does DNA and RNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid

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2
Q

Name all the bases found in DNA

A

Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine
Adenine

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3
Q

Name all the bases found in RNA

A

Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil
Adenine

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4
Q

Name the constituent elements of a nucleotide in DNA

A

Nitrogenous base
Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate Group

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5
Q

How are the elements of a nucleotide bonded

A

Via a condensation reaction

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6
Q

Name the bond and the reaction between two nucleotides

A

Phosphodiester bond and a condensation reaction

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7
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

Two polynucleotide chains in a double helix with bases facing the centre, complementary bases bonded by hydrogen bonds.

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8
Q

Why is DNA a stable molecule

A
  • The phosphodiester backbone protects the more chemically reactive organic bases inside
  • Hydrogen bonds form across complementary bases. If there is a higher proportion of C and G bases the DNA is more stable as C and G form 3 hydrogen bonds.
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9
Q

How is DNA adapted to carry out its function

A
  • stable molecule so can pass from generation to generation without significant change.
  • two separate strands are joined only with hydrogen bonds which allow them to seperate during DNA replication + protein synthesis
  • It is a large molecule and therefore carries alot of genetic information
  • Genetic material (bases) are protected by deoxyribose-phosphate backbone.
  • Complementary bases means a DNA strand can be used as template for replication and transcription
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10
Q

Describe and explain the evidence for semi-conservative replication

A
  • Two sample of bacteria growth in growth mediums, one containing N14 and one N15
  • Sample of DNA from each batch was put into centrifuge and spun, heavier DNA is denser and settled lower in the centrifuge tube
  • When bacteria from the N15 medium was removed and added to a N14 medium it was left for one round of DNA replication.
  • If conservative replication old N15 DNA would settle at the bottom and N14 DNA would settle at the top
  • If semi-conservative replication the DNA would have a old N15 strand and a new N14 strand meaning it would settle in the middle of the test tube
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11
Q

Name the constituent elements of ATP

A
  • Adenine
  • Ribose
  • Phosphates
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12
Q

How does ATP store energy

A

The bonds between the phosphate groups are unstable and so have a low activation energy so are easily broken. When they break they release energy

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13
Q

What is the type of reaction and enzyme that turns ATP to ADP

A
  • ATP hydrolase

- hydrolysis

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14
Q

What is the type of reaction and enzyme that turns ADP to ATP

A
  • ATP synthase

- condensation reaction

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15
Q

Name three ways ATP is converted in ADP

A
  • photophosphorylation (photosynthesis) [p]
  • oxidative phosphorylation (respiration) [p and a]
  • substrate-level phosphorylation [p and a]
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16
Q

Why is ATP a better immediate source of energy compared to glucose

A
  • ATP releases less energy in more manageable quantities (reduces heat loss)
  • Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is a single reaction for immediate energy (glucose requires a series of reactions)
17
Q

Name 5 processes ATP is required for

A
  • metabolic processes (synthesising biological molecules)
  • muscle contraction
  • active transport
  • secretion (form lysosomes for secretion of cell products)
  • activation of molecules (Pi from hydrolysis of ATP can be used to lower activation energy of molecules eg glycolysis)
18
Q

Why is water dipolar

A

Oxygen atom has slight negative charge while hydrogens have slight positive

19
Q

What bonding does water show

A

Hydrogen bonds (+van der Waals)

20
Q

Why are hydrogen bonds important in water

A

Water would be a gas at room temperature without them

21
Q

Does water have a high or low SHC

A

High due to hydrogen bonds meaning water is a good buffer against sudden temperature changes

22
Q

Does water have a high latent heat of vaporisation

A

High due to hydrogen bonds meaning evaporation of water in sweat is very effective (takes heat energy)

23
Q

What is cohesion and what is its importance

A
  • The tendency of molecules to stick together (due to hydrogen bonding)
  • Water can be pulled up a xylem and water tension means some animals can walk across it
24
Q

Name uses of water in living organisms

A
  • Metabolism (hydrolysis reactions and is used in photosynthesis)
  • Solvent in which metabolic reactions occur
  • Cools organisms
25
Q

Name all of the properties of water

A
  • metabolite
  • polar so solvent
  • cohesion
  • high SHC and latent heat of vaporisation
  • hydrogen bonding
26
Q

Where do inorganic ions occur

A
  • cytoplasm

- body fluids

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