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Biology > 10.Biodiversity > Flashcards

10.Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Define species

A

A group of similar organisms that can breed together to produce fertile offspring

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2
Q

How are species named

A
  • generic name (genus)

- specific name (species)

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3
Q

What does courtship behaviour enable

A
  • individuals can recognise members of their own species (to ensure fertile offspring)
  • identify a mate that is capable of breeding (to ensure partner is sexually mature and fertile)
  • form a bonding pair (ensure mating and successful raising)
  • synchronise mating (maximum probability of fertilisation)
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4
Q

Name the two forms of classification

A
  • artificial classification

- phylogenetic classification

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5
Q

What is artificial classification

A

Divides organisms according to differences that are useful at the time

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6
Q

What is phylogenetic classification

A
  • is based upon evolutionary relationships between organisms and their ancestors
  • classifies species into groups using shared features derived from their ancestors
  • arranges the groups into hierarchy in which groups are contained within larger composite groups with no overlap
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7
Q

Name the ranks of the classification system

A
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
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8
Q

Define species diversity

A

The number of different species and the number of individuals of each species within any one community

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9
Q

Define genetic diversity

A

The variety of genes possessed by the individuals that make up a population of a species

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10
Q

Define ecosystem diversity

A

Refers to the range of different habitats

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11
Q

What is species richness

A

This is the number of different species in a particular area at a given time

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12
Q

What does the index of diversity equation use (d, N, n)

A

d=index of diversity
N=total number of organisms of all species
n=total number of organisms of each species

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13
Q

Name some ways agriculture has directly reduced species diversity

A
  • removal of hedgerows and woodland
  • creating monocultures (eg wheat)
  • filling in ponds and draining marsh and other wet land
  • over-grazing of land preventing regeneration of woodland
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14
Q

Name some ways agriculture has indirectly reduced species diversity

A
  • use of pesticides and inorganic fertilisers
  • escape of effluent and slurry
  • absence of crop rotation and intercropping
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15
Q

Name some example techniques of conservation used in agriculture

A
  • maintaining hedgerows/ using hedges instead of fences
  • maintain existing ponds
  • leave wet corners of field
  • plant native trees on land with low species diversity
  • use a nitrogen fixing crop in rotation
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16
Q

In what ways can genetic diversity be measured within and between species to help scientists determine evolutionary relationships

A
  • comparison of observable characteristics
  • comparison of DNA base sequences
  • comparison of mRNA base sequence
  • comparison of amino acid sequences in proteins
17
Q

Describe how the comparison of observable characteristics can help scientists determine evolutionary relationships

A
  • observable characteristics are determined by genes (to see genetic similarities)
  • limited as characteristics are polygenic so hard to distinguish one gene from another
18
Q

Describe how the comparison of DNA base sequences can help scientists determine evolutionary relationships

A
  • using new gene technology we can now read the base sequences of the DNA of any organism (to see genetic similarities)
  • limited as species evolve due to mutations making their DNA look less closely related
19
Q

Describe how the comparison of mRNA base sequences can help scientists determine evolutionary relationships

A

-mRNA is complementary to DNA so same reasons as DNA

20
Q

Describe how the comparison of amino acid sequences in proteins can help scientists determine evolutionary relationships

A

-amino acid sequence is determined by mRNA with in turn is determined by DNA. This way base sequences of DNA can be found (to see genetic similarities)

21
Q

Name steps involved in a quantitative investigation

A
  • collection of data via random sampling
  • analyse using statistical test
  • calculate the mean and standard deviation
  • large deviation means lots of variety
22
Q

Describe how you would carry out a collection of data via random sampling for a quantitative investigation

A
  • divide area into grid with numbered lines
  • use random number generator for coordinates
  • take samples with quadrat at these coordinates
  • use large sample size (say number)

Biology (23 decks)

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