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Biomechanics & Surgery Exam 1 > 3. Bone Healing > Flashcards

3. Bone Healing Flashcards

1
Q

what % of bone is made up of organic/inorganic component?.

A

organic matrix- 35%

inorganic component- 65%

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2
Q

what does the organic component of bone consist of?

A

cells (osteoblasts, etc)

matrix is 95% type 1 collagen

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3
Q

what does the inorganic component of bone consist of?

A

minerals (e.g. calcium hydroxapatite)

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4
Q

what is unmineralized bone called?

A

osteoid

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5
Q

what are osteoblasts surrounded by matrix called?

A

osteocytes

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6
Q

what cell type contains RANKL?

A

osteoblasts

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7
Q

what cell type contains RANK receptors?

A

osteoclasts

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8
Q

what is the role of osteoprotegerin?

A

Osteoprotegerin acts as a decoy by binding to the RANKL (found on osteoblasts) and thus inhibits binding of osteoblast to the RANK receptor on osteoclasts

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9
Q

what are osteoclasts derived from?

A

hematopoietic progenitor cells

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10
Q

What effect does estrogen have on bone synthesis?

A

estrogen increases osteoblastic acivity

and prevent bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation (via osteoprotegerin)

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11
Q

what effect does decreased estrogen (like in menopause) have on regulating osteoclast activity?

A

inc. secretion of IL-1, IL-6 , TNF –> increases RANK –> stimulates osteoclast activity

dec levels of osteoprotegerin

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12
Q

what type of collagen forms teh backbone of bone?

A

type 1 collagen

(woven bone0- deposited randomly

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13
Q

describe the orientation of type 1 collagen in woven bone vs. lamellar bone.

A

woven bone- random weave

parallel arrangement- lamellar bone

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14
Q

Where is the epiphyses on the bone?

A

end of long bone

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15
Q

where is teh epiphyseal plate on the bone?

A

growth plate

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16
Q

whre is the metaphysis on the bone?

A

next to growth plate

17
Q

what is the diaphysis ?

A

shaft of bone

18
Q

describe the components of cartilage.

A

inorganic- calcium hydroxyapatite

organic- 80% water and type 2 collagen and proteoglycans

19
Q

do bones have vasculaturre compared to cartilage?

A

bones (periosteum) - yes

cartilage- is avascular

20
Q

give an example of intramembranous bone formation.

A

(formed directly from mesenchyme)- i.e. skull bone, vertebral column

21
Q

give ane xample of endochondral bone formation.

A

(based on cartilaginous model concept of growth plate)- e.g. long finger bones

22
Q

Vitamin C deficiency leads to what disease?

A

scruvy (problems related to osteoid synthesis and collagen support of blood vessels)

23
Q

What are some symptoms of scurvy?

A
  • bruise easily
  • bleeding gums
  • petechiae around hair follicles
  • body hairs curl like corkscrews
24
Q

What are the 3 stages of fracture healing?

A
  1. procallus formation
  2. conversion of procallus to fibrocartilaginous callus
  3. replacement of mesenchymal cells by osseous callous
25
Q

what happens in stage 1 of fracture healing?

A

procallus formation (hematoma organizes by end of 1st week)

26
Q

what happens in stage 2 of fracture healing?

A

conversion of procallus to fibrocartilaginous callus (deposition of woven bone and new cartilage)
*by 3rd week

27
Q

what happens in stage 3 of fracture healing?

A

replacement of mesenchymal cells by osseous callus (transition from woven bone to lamellar bone- becomes stronger)

28
Q

what are the inhibitory factors to fracture healing?

A
  • infection
  • non union
  • inadequate immobilization
  • poor circulation
  • poor nutrition
  • drugs
  • overstressing healing fx
  • systemic dz
29
Q

what are some causes of AVN (avascular necrosis)?

A

fracture
corticosteroids
idiopathic
thrombosis & embolism (sickle cell dz)

30
Q

most common bacterial cause of osteomyelitis is what?

A

staph aureus

31
Q

which organism is the cause of osteomyelitis in sickle cell patients?

A

salmonella

32
Q

what cell type predominates in acute osteomyelitis?

A

numerous neutrophils

33
Q

what is sequestrum?

A

residual necrotic bone seen in chronic osteomyelitis

34
Q

what is involucrum?

A

rim of reactive bone that surrounds sequestered bone in chronic osteomyelitis

Biomechanics & Surgery Exam 1 (14 decks)

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