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One Health > 3. Basic Statistics I > Flashcards

3. Basic Statistics I Flashcards

1
Q

Why are central tendency measures useful in vet med?

A

Help you understand and critically evaluate the medical research literature

Understand patients values in relations to larger population

Understand biological variability

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2
Q

Mean

A

Sum of observations/ number of observations

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3
Q

Median

A

The level below or above half of the observations fall

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4
Q

Calculating median

A

Arrange in numerical order count how many values

If odd decide by 2 and round up to get position of median number

Even = decide by to go to the number in that position and average it with the number next highest

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5
Q

Mode

A

Most frequent occurance

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6
Q

calculating mode

A

Arrange in numerical order and number that appears most is the mode can have more than one

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7
Q

Example: do mean median mode of 1,1,2,3,4,5,24

A
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8
Q

Notation for population mean

A

“U” or mu

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9
Q

Notation for population standard deviation

A

sigma= o
Sd

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10
Q

Notation for population variance

A

Sigma squared
O^2

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11
Q

Normal and positive and negative skewed distributions

A
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12
Q

When to use median vs mean?

A

Median is better than mean for skewed date

Outliers can greatly skew the mean

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13
Q

What direction is skew?

A

In the direction of the tail

Can be negative or positive

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14
Q

What is probability

A

The numerical expression of the likelihood of occurrence

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15
Q

Simple conditional probability

A

At the likelihood of one event occurring

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16
Q

Conditional probability

A

Looks at two events occurring in relation to one another it looks at the probability of a second event occurring based on the probability of the first event occurring

17
Q

Complex probability

A

Used to calculate the probabilities of independent events

18
Q

Independent events

A

Those events whos occurance is not dependent on any other event

19
Q

Mutually exclusive events

A

Events that cannot occur at the same time

20
Q

Multiplication rule

A

Is used to calculate the probability of independent events both occurring

A and B

Pr = Pr (a) x Pr (b)

21
Q

Addition rule

A

Used to calculate the probability of independent events either occurring

A or B

Pr = Pr (a) + pr (b)

22
Q

Target population

A

The population to which it might be possible to extrapolate results from a study

23
Q

Study/source population

A

The population from which the study subjects are drawn

24
Q

Sampling frame

A

Are avalible and we are able to sample

25
Q

Sample

A

Consists of individuals that end up in the study

26
Q

Measurement error

A

Goal of designing a study is to accurately reflect your population of interest

All measurement susceptible to error

27
Q

What are the two types of measurement errors

A

Random error (imprecision)
Systemic error (bias)

28
Q

Sampling error

A

Is a bias in which a sample is collected in such a way that some member of the intended population have a lower or higher sample probability and others

Bias

29
Q

How can you reduce systemic bias

A

Through random sampling giving everyone equal chance to be choosen

30
Q

What are the 4 types of random sampling

A

Simple random sample
Systematic sample
Stratified sample
Cluster sample

31
Q

Random sampling

A

Attempts to replicate the characteristics of the target population using a sample

Unbiased random sampling does not guarantee a replication of the target population characteristics

32
Q

Standard error of measurement

A

Random error

Variability of a sample statistic

Sources = natural imprecise individual differences

33
Q

Systematic error vs random error

A
34
Q

Confidence intervals

A

Surround point estimate with marginal error

35
Q

Confidence level

A

Is a measure of a degree of reliability of a confidence internal

Higher confidence level more strongly we believe that the true value of the parameter being estimated lies within the interval

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