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One Health > 2. Epidemiologic Indices > Flashcards

2. Epidemiologic Indices Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we address epidemiologic indices or measures?

A

They provide information regarding the frequency of diseases and associations between exposures and health outcomes

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2
Q

What is the natural history of disease

A

The courses of disease from its beginning to its final clinical endpoints

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3
Q

What is the population at rink (PAR)?

A

Those members of the overall population who are capable of developing the disease or condition being studied

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4
Q

What are the common epidemiologic measures?

A

Proportion percentage and rate

All ratios and ratios are very important for one health

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5
Q

Ratios in one health

A

The value obtained by dividing one quantity by another

In epidemiology it usually implies that the numerator is not a subset of the denominator

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6
Q

Proportions in one health

A

A type of ration which number at or is part of the denominator

Usually expressed as percent

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7
Q

Examples of proportions in one health

A

Incidence (# new cases)

Prevalence (# cases)

Case fatality (# deaths)

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8
Q

Percentages in one health

A

A proportion that has been multiplied by 100

Formula = (A/A+B) x 100

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9
Q

Rate in one health

A

Also a type of ration

The denominator involves a measure of time

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10
Q

Examples of rates in epidemiology

A

Incidence rate (# new cases/PAR)

Prevalence rate (# cases/PAR)

Care fatality rate (#death/PAR)

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11
Q

Define incidence

A

Referred to the occurrence of new disease or mortality within a defined period of obersation

Cases that exist at the beginning of the period are not counted

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12
Q

Define incidence rate

A

A rate formed by dividing the number of new cases that occur during a time period by the number of individuals in the population at risk

Most common risk measure

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13
Q

Incidence rate formula

A

Incidence rate = number of new cases in a time period / total population at risk x 100

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14
Q

Prevalence definition

A

The unofficial existing cases of a disease or health condition or deaths in a population at some designated time

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15
Q

What are the variations of prevalence

A

Point prevalence
Period prevalence
Lifetime prevalence

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16
Q

Prevalence vs incidence

A

Prevalence is the number of EXISTING cases of disease in the population during a defined period

Incidence is the number of NEW cases of disease that develop in the population during a defined period

17
Q

What are the factors that cause prevalence to increase

A

Increase incidence
Longer duration of the case
In migration of cases
Prolonged of life of patients without a cure (ex aids)

18
Q

What are the factor that cause prevalence to decrease

A

Decreased incidence
Shorter duration of disease
In migration of healthy people
Improved cure rate of disease

19
Q

What is attack rate

A

An incidence rate applied to a marro population over a narrow time period

Expressed as percent

20
Q

What is the formula for attack rate?

A

AR = new cases in the time period / population at risk at beginning x 100

21
Q

What is the morbidity rate?

A

Numerator is the total number of illnesses in a population over a specified period of time

Denominator is the average population at risk over that same time period

22
Q

What is the formula for morbidity?

A

Number of illnesses due to the disease in the time period / average number in population during the time period x 100

23
Q

What is mortality rate?

A

Numerator is the total number of deaths in a population over a specified period of time

Denominator is the average population at risk over the same time period

24
Q

Mortality rate formula?

A

Number of deaths due to the disease in the time period / average number in population during the time period x 100

25
Q

What is case fatality rate CFR?

A

The number of deaths due to disease that occur among persons who are afflicted with that disease

26
Q

What is the formula for Case fatality rate?

A

Umber of deaths due to disease / number of cases of disease x 100

27
Q

What is risk factor?

A

A characteristic of value in predicting risk

Example

Breed, sex, age, weight, activity, nutrition, genetics

28
Q

What is absolute risk

A

The rate of occurace is the same as incidence

29
Q

Formula for relative risk

A

Incidence rate among exposed / incidence rate of among not exposed

30
Q

Formula for attributable risk

A

Incidence rate exposed - incident rate of unexposed

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