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Pharmacology 2 > 3 - Antiviral Medications > Flashcards

3 - Antiviral Medications Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of antivirals?

A
  1. Alter uncoating of virus
  2. Polymerase inhibitors
  3. Inhibit viral protein synthesis
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2
Q

What are the indications for amantadine (Symmetril) and rimantidine (Flumadine)?

A

Influenza A

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3
Q

What are the indications for oseltamivir (Tamiflu)?

A

Influenza A or B

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of oseltamivir (Tamiflu)?

A

Neuraminidase inhibitor - cleaves the budding viral progeny from its cellular envelope attachment point just prior to release.

Classic Prodrug

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5
Q

What antiviral treats respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)?

A

ribavirin (Rebetol, Virazole)

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6
Q

What are the side effects of ribavirin (Rebetol, Virazole)?

A
  • mutagenic
  • teratogenic
  • carcinogenic
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7
Q

What anti-viral is used to treat herpes simplex keratitis (in eye)?

A

trifluridine (Viroptic)

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8
Q

What is the drug of choice for HSV encephalitis?

A

acyclovir (Zovirax)

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9
Q

What drug is used to treat primary and recurrent herpes in immunocompromised patients?

A

acyclovir (Zorivax)

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10
Q

What antiviral is used to treat CMV (and CMV retinitis)?

A

ganciclovir (Cytovene)

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11
Q

Which antiviral is used to treat recurrent genital herpes?

A

famciclovir and valacyclovir

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12
Q

famciclovir and valacyclovir are prodrugs that form into what as they pass through the intestine?

A

penciclovir and acyclovir respectively

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13
Q

What are interferons?

A

A family of naturally occuring, inducible glycoproteins that interfere with the ability of viruses to infect cells

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of interferons and how are they administered?

A
  • Alpha
  • Beta
  • Gamma
  • Administered - intralesionally, subcutaneously, or IV
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15
Q

Whats the basic mechanism of interferons?

A

Inhibit viral RNA translation, ultimately leading to the degradation of viral mRNA and tRNA

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16
Q

What are the most common indications for use of interferons?

A
  • Hepatitis B and C
  • Mutliple Sclerosis
17
Q

What are some adverse effects of interferons?

A
  • Flu-like symptoms
  • Bone marrow suppression
  • Neurotoxicity
  • CNS effects
  • Severe fatigue
  • Severe weight loss
  • Autoimmune disorders
  • Cardiovascular
  • Oral
18
Q

What often alter the viral replication processes and are often toxic to host cells?

A

Anti-retrovirals

19
Q

What is the mechanism for anti-retrovirals?

A
  • Inhibits viral attachment and entry
  • Polymerase inhibitor
  • Antibodies against viral envelope proteins
20
Q

What is the first HIV agent that inhibits viral entry into host cells?

A

enfuvirtide (Fuzeon)

21
Q

What is the target of anti-retrovirals?

A

Reverse Transcriptase

22
Q

When a DNA segment is permanently incorporated into the host cell DNA within a nucleus it is termed?

A

Integration

23
Q

What does treatment of HIV infection require?

A

Combination therapy =

HAART

“Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy”

“cocktails”

24
Q

What are the side effects of anti-retrovirals?

A
  • Anemia
  • Leukopenia and granulocytopenia
  • Hepatotoxicity
  • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Pancreatitis
25
Q

What is another goal while treating patients with anti-retrovirals?

A

Prevent opportunistic infections

26
Q

What is used to treat pneumocystis carinii?

A

A sulfa drug - oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)

27
Q

What is a characteristic of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors?

A

Must be biotransformed/bioactivated to work - then they inhibit the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase

28
Q

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors dont work on what kind of cell?

A

The cells that already contain HIV

29
Q

What are the common nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors?

A
  • didanosine (Videx)
  • zidovudine (Retrovir) - “AZT”
  • abacavir (Ziagen)
30
Q

What drug inhibits HIV synthesis and reduces morbidity/mortality from AIDS and AIDS-related complex?

A

zidovudine (Retrovir) “AZT”

31
Q

Do non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors require bioactivation?

A

No! But resistance quickly develops if used alone

32
Q

What’s so different about the protease inhibitor drugs?

A

They interfere with the action of HIV-infected cells

33
Q

What are the common protease inhibitors?

A
  • indinavir (Crixivan)
  • nelfinavir (Viracept)
  • saquinavir (Invirase)
34
Q

What kind of drug is tenofovir (Viread)?

A

A nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor - inhibits viral replication

35
Q

What kind of drug is raltegravir (Isentress)?

A

Integrase Inhibitor - inhibits integrase, the enzyme that helps insert the viral cDNA strand from reverse transcriptase into the human genome

36
Q

If someone has “linear gingiva erythema” what do you suspect?

A

HIV

Pharmacology 2 (21 decks)

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