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1 REVISION Bismillah > 3. Anatomy - Judson/Ruth Joplin > Flashcards

3. Anatomy - Judson/Ruth Joplin Flashcards

1
Q

Neural tube

  1. What induces the formation of the neural plate?
  2. Neurulation: days?
  3. Neural plate folds into what?
  4. Cranial neuropore closes when?
  5. Caudal neuropore closes when?
  6. Spina bifida occulta?
  7. Meningocoele?
  8. meningomylocoele?
  9. Rachischisis?
A
  1. Notochord
  2. 19-25
  3. Neural groove
  4. Day 25
  5. Day 27
  6. Unfazed vertebral arch
  7. Subarachnoid space inflated + dura mater
  8. Same as above but spinal cord at top of inflation
  9. Neural tissue and nothing else
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2
Q

State the 7 right lung relations and impressions

A 
Brachiocephalic vein
SVC
IVC
Rib one
Azygous vein 
oesophagus 
Impression for diaphragm
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3
Q

State the 8 left lung relations and impressions

A 
Rib one
Oesophagus
Descending aorta
Impression for diaphragm
Cardiac impression
Aortic arch
Subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic vein
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4
Q

Pleura

  1. What does it line?
  2. Nerve supply?
  3. Air/fluid?
  4. Air can’t escape and trachea pushed to one side?
  5. Blood?
  6. Chest drain place and direction?
A
  1. Thoracic cage / mediastinum / cervical area / diaphragm
  2. Phrenic (C3,4,5)
  3. Pneumothorax
  4. Tension pneumothorax
  5. Haemothorax
  6. 5/6 ICS
    Fluid = down
    Air = up
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5
Q

Name the 8 things at the lung hilium

A 
Posterior Superior main bronchi
Anterior superior pulmonary arteries
Inferior Pulmonary veins
Bronchial arteries and veins
Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
Pulmonary plexus of nerves
Point of pleural reflection
Pulmonary ligament
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6
Q

Primitive heart tube
At the top is the venous end with the right horn and left horn
What are the rest of the divisions and would do they contribute to?

A

Sinus venosus
(Smooth wall of RA)

Atrium
(Rough wall of RA + LA)

Ventricle
(Rough part of LV)

Bulbis cordis
(Rough part of RV and outflow tracts for RV + LV)

Truncus arteriosus
(Roots of aorta and pulmonary trunk)

Aortic sac at the bottom “arterial end”

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7
Q

Atrial septation

  1. Which weeks?
  2. Explain the 4 stages
A
  1. Mid week 4-5
  2. Septum primum + ostium primum
    Ostium secondum
    Septum secondum
    Foramen ovale (right to left shunt in utero)
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8
Q

Ventricular septation

  1. Which weeks?
  2. What’s involved?
  3. How is the membrane in the cranial region completed?
A
  1. Weeks 5-7
  2. Muscle + membrane + endocardial cushion
  3. Bulbar ridges growing down
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9
Q

Tetralogy of fallot

  1. What 4 things make up the tetralogy of fallot?
  2. What causes the cyanosis?
A 
1. Pulmonary stenosis
RV Hypertrophy
Over riding aorta
VSD
2. Deoxygenated blood enters arterial circulation
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10
Q

Embryology week 1

  1. What day is the morula formed and what is it?
  2. What day is the blastocyst formed and what 3 things are formed?
  3. During implantation, what is adhered to and invaded?
A
  1. Day 3 = ball of cells
  2. Day 5 = blastocoele + trophoblast + embryoblast
  3. Uterine lining and wall
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11
Q 
Embryology week 2
1. What cavity is formed?
2. What does the bilaminar disc consist of?
3. What invades the endometrium?
4. What kind of sac is formed?
Day 13
5. What cavity is formed? This is formed by the cavitation of what?
6. What is the connecting stalk made of?
A
  1. Amniotic
  2. Epiblast and hypoblast
  3. Syncytiotrophoblast
  4. Primary yolk sac
  5. Chorionic cavity from extra embryonic mesoderm
  6. Extra embryonic mesoderm
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12
Q

Embryology week 3

  1. What day is a delay in the period noticed?
  2. What 2 things when broken down will form the mouth and anus?
  3. What is the primitive streak made of? Where does it go from and to?
A
  1. Day 29 (embryo = 15 days old)
  2. Prochordal plate = mouth
    Clocal membrane = anus
  3. Indentation of ectoderm
  4. From primitive node to clocal membrane
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13
Q

Embryology week 3 - gastrulation

  1. Where do cells migrate from? What 2 layers is this between?
  2. What do the migrating cells form there?
  3. What 2 things are the buccopharyngeal and cloacal membranes formed from?
  4. What does the notochord form?
A
  1. Primitive streak between epiblast and hypoblast
  2. Intraembryonic mesoderm
  3. Endoderm and ectoderm
  4. Primitive node
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14
Q

Embryology week 3 - gastrulation

  1. What 2 things does the ectoderm form?
  2. What 5 things does the mesoderm form?
  3. Paraxial mesoderm: what does it form?
  4. Intermediate mesoderm: what does it contribute to?
  5. Lateral plate mesoderm: what does it form?
  6. What does the endoderm form and in which 3 systems?
A
  1. Skin and neural tissue
  2. Muscle, bone, connective tissue, some organs, lining of body cavities
  3. Somites
  4. Genito urinary
  5. Serous membranes
  6. Epithelial lining of gut, respiratory and urinary systems
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15
Q

Embryology - somites

  1. Appear sequentially between what days?
  2. How many pairs are formed from the paraxial mesoderm?
  3. What is each one supplied by?
  4. Migrate to form what? What does this explain in relation to the skin?
  5. What 3 things do somites form?
A
  1. Days 20-30
  2. 40-48 pairs
  3. Single spinal nerve
  4. Various parts of the body = explains dermatomal sensory mapping of the skin
  5. Axial skeleton, associate muscle and dermis of skin
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16
Q

Neurulation

  1. The notochord forms from which cell layer? What does it form into later?
  2. What does the notochord induce the formation of?
  3. What is neurulation?
  4. The neural plate folds to form what? What does this turn into?
  5. When days does neurulation happen between?
  6. When does the cranial neuropore close?
  7. When does the caudal neuropore close?
A 
1. Mesoderm
Later becomes nucleus pulposus of IV discs
2. Neural plate
3. Formation of neural tube
4. Neural groove and then neural tube
5. Day 19-25
6. Day 19
7. Day 27
17
Q

Describe the following neural tube defects:

  1. Spina bifida occulta
  2. Meningocoele
  3. Meningomylocoele
  4. Rachischisis
  5. Meroanencephaly
  6. Holoanencephaly
A
  1. Unfused vertebral arch
  2. Unfused vertebral arch, high dura mater and subarachnoid space
  3. Unfused vertebral arch, high dura mater and spinal cord
  4. Unfused vertebral arch, spinal cord absent, neural tissue not formed properly
  5. Rudimentary brain tissue and partial formation of cranium
  6. Brain absent
18
Q

Embryology - neural crest cell migration

  1. What do neural crest cells undergo after they spread throughout the body?
  2. Name 5 things the neural crest cells are involved in?
  3. What 3 things can happen as a result of defective neural crest cell migration?
A
  1. Re-differentiation
  2. Heart septation, face and skull connective tissue, melanocytes, GI tract ganglia and dorsal root ganglia
  3. Malformed face, nervous system absences and cardiac/gut defects
19
Q

Embryology - limb formation

  1. When does limb development start?
  2. Which buds appear earlier? How much earlier?
  3. When are digits and shape present by?
  4. Which process causes the digits to form?
A
  1. Week 4-5
  2. Upper limb buds appear 36 hours before lower limb buds
  3. Week 8
  4. Programmed cell death
20
Q

Embryology - embryonic disc

  1. What cavity is directly on top of the embryonic disc?
  2. What is below the embryonic disc?
  3. What cavity is all around this?
A
  1. Amniotic cavity
  2. Yolk sac
  3. Chorionic cavity
21
Q

Embryology - folding

  1. What does folding put on the outside and what does it put on the inside?
  2. What weeks does the folding happen between?
  3. What are the 2 types of folding?
A
  1. Skin (ectoderm) on the outside and gut tube lining (endoderm) on the inside
  2. Weeks 3-4
  3. Cephalo-caudal folding and lateral folding
22
Q

Embryology - cephalo-caudal folding

  1. What causes the head to fold due to limited space available?
  2. What is folded towards each other?
A
  1. Rapid brain growth

2. Head and tail

23
Q

Embryology - lateral folding

  1. What is brought together in the midventral line?
  2. What 2 places is the fusion? With the exception of which region?
  3. What is pinched off?
  4. Folding pulls what 2 things with it?
A
  1. Lateral edges of embryo
  2. Cranial and caudally = except in midgut region
  3. Yolk sac
  4. Amnion and amniotic cavity
24
Q

Embryology - intraembryonic coelom

  1. Where is it formed?
  2. What shape is this cavity?
  3. What does it open into?
  4. What is this cavity for?
A
  1. Lateral plate mesoderm
  2. Horse-shoe shaped
  3. Extraembryonic coelom
  4. Organ growth
25
Q

Embryology - gut and respiratory systems

  1. The gut tube is formed how during embryonic disc folding?
  2. What is the gut tube lining derived from?
  3. What does the tube run from and to?
  4. What forms the epithelium of the respiratory system?
  5. What does the urinary bladder form from?
A
  1. Passively
  2. Endoderm
  3. Prochordal plate to cloacal membrane
  4. An out pocketing of the foregut
  5. Cloaca
26
Q

Embryology - head and neck

  1. What forms the neck and lower face?
  2. How many arches form? Which arch disappears?
  3. What is each arch innervated by?
  4. What is each arch supplied by?
A
  1. Pharyngeal arches
  2. 6 = arch 5 disappears
  3. A cranial nerve
  4. An aortic arch artery
27
Q

Embryology - pharyngeal arches

Name the 6 things that pharyngeal arches form?

A
  1. External and middle ear
  2. Tongue
  3. Facial and neck muscles
  4. Larynx
  5. Thyroid, parathyroid and thymus
  6. Part of facial skeleton
28
Q

Embryology - face development

  1. What weeks does this occur between?
  2. What 3 things are involved?
  3. What can malunion lead to?
  4. Defective Union of facial prominences can lead to what 2 things?
  5. When does growth towards the midline occur?
  6. The fusion of 3 processes forms what?
A
  1. Weeks 4-8
  2. Maxillary prominence, mandibular prominence and frontonasal prominence
  3. Facial deformities
  4. Cleft lip/ cleft palate
  5. 7 weeks
  6. Palate
29
Q
  1. What is a congenital malformation?

2. What is teratogenesis?

A
  1. Abnormalities present at birth

2. Teratogen induced abnormality

30
Q

Name what the following teratogens can lead to:

  1. Alcohol
  2. Vitamin A
  3. Maternal diabetes
  4. Rubella/ HSV
  5. X-Ray’s
  6. Valproate
A
  1. Foetal alcohol syndrome
  2. Cleft palate and heart defects
  3. Heart and neural tube
  4. Deafness and cataracts
  5. Spina bifida and cleft palate
  6. Neural tube defects, facial defects and limbs
31
Q
  1. During what weeks is the embryo most at risk of a structural abnormality? What is this caused by?
  2. During what weeks is he embryo most at risk of a functional abnormality? What kind of effect causes this and what are the 2 possible outcomes?
A
  1. Weeks 3-8 = teratogen
  2. Weeks 8 onwards
    direct toxic effect = lethal or reduction in growth

1 REVISION Bismillah (13 decks)

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