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1 REVISION Bismillah > 11. Behavioural Sciences - Paul Garrud > Flashcards

11. Behavioural Sciences - Paul Garrud Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 stages of Eriksons development and what ages do they occur at?

A

Infancy
0-18 months
Trust vs. Mistrust

Early childhood
18 months-3 years
Autonomy vs. Shame

Play age
3-5 years
Initiative vs. Guilt

School age
6-12 years
Industry vs inferiority

Adolescence
12-18 years
Identity vs role confusion

Young adulthood
18-35 years
Intimacy + solidarity vs isolation

Middle adulthood
35-55/65 years
Generativity vs self absorption or stagnation

Late adulthood
65-death
Integrity vs. Despair

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2
Q

Name 2 measurement scales for baby development and state what they measure

A
  1. Brazelton neonatal behaviour
    Habituation to light/sound, motor tone, response to stress, alertness
  2. Bayley
    1-42 months
    Motor / behaviour / cognitive
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3
Q

Explain the health belief model and state who made it

A

Becker and rosenstock

“Beliefs” + “motivation” leading to “intention to act”

This will lead to “action” with an additional box on top that says “cues to action”

“Belief” box is broken down into 4 points

  1. Severity of illness
  2. Vulnerability to illness
  3. Benefits to action
  4. Barriers to action
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4
Q
  1. Name 3 types of pre-linguistic communication

2. Name the 3 stages of language development

A
  1. Crying / smiling / gestures
  2. Early processes (babbling + sound perception)
    Receptive (understanding words)
    Speech production
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5
Q

Name the 3 coping strategies for children and give 2 examples of each

A
  1. Problem-focussed
    Rational intellectualising
    Adherence
  2. Appraisal-focussed
    Logical analysis
    Cognitive avoidance
  3. Emotion focussed
    Acting out
    Self-pity
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6
Q

Give 3 examples of each of the following

  1. Parental coping strategies
  2. Immediate parental concerns
  3. Short-term parental concerns
  4. Longer term parental concerns
A
  1. Information seeking / reliance on religious beliefs / denial
  2. Relinquishing of control / need for information / self blame + guilt
  3. Dealing with hospitalisation / uncertainty about communicating with child / concerns about medical management of child
  4. Financial burdens / developmental needs / fear of recurrence
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7
Q

Model of nursing
Who made it?
How many activities of life?
Give an example of some of the factors measured

A

Roper et al
12 activities of life
Eating/ drinking /washing /dressing / communication/ mobilisation/ maintaining a safe environment

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8
Q 
Activities of daily living
What is the name of the index?
What is the scale?
What is the score out of?
Give some examples of the categories
A

Barthel index
0 = unable / 5 = occasional / 10 = independent
Score out of 100
Feeding/ bathing/ grooming/ bowels/ bladder/ mobility

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9
Q

Name 2 measures of quality of life

A

Euro QoL EQ-5D

Short form 36 (SF36)

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10
Q

Quality of Life measures

  1. Euro QoL (EQ-5D): what are the 5 sections? How is it scored?
  2. Short form 36 (SF-36): how many items in questionnaire? How many overall aspects? Name some of the aspects. How is it scored?
A
  1. Mobility / self care / usual daily activities / pain / anxiety and depression
    Single score 0-1
  2. 36 item questionnaire
    8 aspects
    Physical functioning / social functioning / pain / mental health
    Scored 0-100 (the higher the better)
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11
Q

Define compliance

A

Following a practitioners advice or instructions

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12
Q

Define adherence

A

Behaviour that optimises therapeutic efficiency

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13
Q

Define concordance

A

Shared/negotiated agreement between patient and practitioner

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14
Q

Define consequentialism

A

Best outcome for majority

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15
Q

Define deontology

A

Rational + moral rules

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16
Q

Define virtue ethics

A

What would a virtuous agent do?

17
Q

Explain the following terms:
Respect for autonomy
Beneficence
What are the other 2 terms? Explain them too

A

Respect for autonomy
Effect someone’s autonomy? / consent / respect others choices

Beneficence
Who benefits and in what way?

Non-maleficence
Who is harmed? / minimise harm / communicate risks openly

Justice
Vulnerable groups / equitable? / more equitable, how?

18
Q

What are the 3 techniques for behaviour change?

A
  1. Belief-orientated techniques
  2. Motivation techniques
  3. Conditioning techniques
19
Q

Define cognitive dissonance

A

Discrepancy between the cognitive or affective components of an attitude and behaviour

20
Q

Define counter attitudinal advocacy

A

Arguing an opposite position may change attitudes

21
Q

What are the 7 aspects of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A
  1. Self actualisation
  2. Aesthetic needs
  3. Cognitive needs
  4. Esteem needs
  5. Affiliation needs
  6. Safety needs
  7. Biological and physiological needs
22
Q

Define conditioned behaviour
What are the 2 types of conditioning?
Define temporal contiguity

A

Acquired/ learned behaviour that is based on association

Classical conditioning/ operant conditioning

Temporal contiguity = close temporal contiguity between signal and event

23
Q

Define phobias

A

Classically conditioned fears to previously neutral stimuli

24
Q
  1. How does operant conditioning work?

2. What is the ABC of operant conditioning?

A
  1. Learning associations between behaviour and its consequences
  2. A = antecedent stimulus
    B = behaviours
    C = consequence
25
Q

Explain the flow chart of reinforcement

A 
Top box = reinforcement (strengthens behaviour)
Bottom 2 boxes = 
Positive reinforcement (presentation of a desirable stimulus)
Negative reinforcement (removal of an undesirable stimulus)
26
Q

Explain the flow chart of punishment

A 
Top box = punishment (weakens behaviour)
Bottom 2 boxes = 
Positive punishment (presentation of an undesirable stimulus)
Negative punishment (removal of a desirable stimulus)
27
Q

Define extinction and give 2 techniques for it

A

Unlearning
Systematic desensitisation
Flooding

28
Q

Stages of change

  1. Who is it by?
  2. What are the 6 stages?
  3. What are the 2 other stages coming out and at what point do they come out?
A
  1. Prochaska and Di Clemente
  2. Pre-contemplation
    Contemplation
    Preparation
    Action
    Maintenance
    Relapse
  3. Premature exit (comes out after pre-contemplation)
    Optimal recovery (comes out after maintenance)
29
Q

Illness behaviour

  1. Who is it by?
  2. What are the 5 illness behaviour stages?
A
  1. David mechanic
  2. Evaluative stage
    Assuming sick role
    Help seeking
    Becoming a patient
    Recovery/ adaptation
30
Q

What are Kubler Ross’ 5 stages of grief?

A 
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression 
Acceptance
31
Q

Adaptation to illness

  1. Who’s theory?
  2. Describe the flow chart
A
  1. Moo’s
    2.
    Background factors
    (Patient factors/environmental factors/illness related factors)

Going to

Cognitive appraisal
(What does this mean for me)
2 outcomes: arrows go either way with previous box 
Adaptive tasks (illness related + psychosocial)

Coping skills (emotion focussed + problem focussed)

32
Q

What are the 3 coping types?

A

Rational/ active coping

Emotion coping

Avoidance coping

33
Q

Who has a framework for the physical stages of puberty?

A

Tanner

34
Q

How do you engage with adolescents?

A 
Home
Education
Activities
Drugs
Sex
Suicide
35
Q

WHO international classification of function

Explain the flow charts

A

Health condition

Next 3 boxes:

  1. Body structure and function (impairment)
  2. Activities (limitations = disability)
  3. Participation (restriction = handicap)

Next 2 boxes:
Environmental factors
Personal factors

36
Q
  1. Name 2 ways to measure functional ability

2. Name 2 ways to measure health related QoL

A
  1. Barthel index + activities of daily living

2. EQ-5D + SF36

37
Q

What is a DALY and how do you measure it?

A

Disability adjusted life years

DALY = Years life lost + years lived with disability

38
Q

Define stigma

A

Attribute / behaviour / reputation which is socially discrediting

1 REVISION Bismillah (13 decks)

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