11. Behavioural Sciences - Paul Garrud Flashcards
What are the 8 stages of Eriksons development and what ages do they occur at?
Infancy
0-18 months
Trust vs. Mistrust
Early childhood
18 months-3 years
Autonomy vs. Shame
Play age
3-5 years
Initiative vs. Guilt
School age
6-12 years
Industry vs inferiority
Adolescence
12-18 years
Identity vs role confusion
Young adulthood
18-35 years
Intimacy + solidarity vs isolation
Middle adulthood
35-55/65 years
Generativity vs self absorption or stagnation
Late adulthood
65-death
Integrity vs. Despair
Name 2 measurement scales for baby development and state what they measure
- Brazelton neonatal behaviour
Habituation to light/sound, motor tone, response to stress, alertness - Bayley
1-42 months
Motor / behaviour / cognitive
Explain the health belief model and state who made it
Becker and rosenstock
“Beliefs” + “motivation” leading to “intention to act”
This will lead to “action” with an additional box on top that says “cues to action”
“Belief” box is broken down into 4 points
- Severity of illness
- Vulnerability to illness
- Benefits to action
- Barriers to action
- Name 3 types of pre-linguistic communication
2. Name the 3 stages of language development
- Crying / smiling / gestures
- Early processes (babbling + sound perception)
Receptive (understanding words)
Speech production
Name the 3 coping strategies for children and give 2 examples of each
- Problem-focussed
Rational intellectualising
Adherence - Appraisal-focussed
Logical analysis
Cognitive avoidance - Emotion focussed
Acting out
Self-pity
Give 3 examples of each of the following
- Parental coping strategies
- Immediate parental concerns
- Short-term parental concerns
- Longer term parental concerns
- Information seeking / reliance on religious beliefs / denial
- Relinquishing of control / need for information / self blame + guilt
- Dealing with hospitalisation / uncertainty about communicating with child / concerns about medical management of child
- Financial burdens / developmental needs / fear of recurrence
Model of nursing
Who made it?
How many activities of life?
Give an example of some of the factors measured
Roper et al
12 activities of life
Eating/ drinking /washing /dressing / communication/ mobilisation/ maintaining a safe environment
Activities of daily living What is the name of the index? What is the scale? What is the score out of? Give some examples of the categories
Barthel index
0 = unable / 5 = occasional / 10 = independent
Score out of 100
Feeding/ bathing/ grooming/ bowels/ bladder/ mobility
Name 2 measures of quality of life
Euro QoL EQ-5D
Short form 36 (SF36)
Quality of Life measures
- Euro QoL (EQ-5D): what are the 5 sections? How is it scored?
- Short form 36 (SF-36): how many items in questionnaire? How many overall aspects? Name some of the aspects. How is it scored?
- Mobility / self care / usual daily activities / pain / anxiety and depression
Single score 0-1 - 36 item questionnaire
8 aspects
Physical functioning / social functioning / pain / mental health
Scored 0-100 (the higher the better)
Define compliance
Following a practitioners advice or instructions
Define adherence
Behaviour that optimises therapeutic efficiency
Define concordance
Shared/negotiated agreement between patient and practitioner
Define consequentialism
Best outcome for majority
Define deontology
Rational + moral rules
Define virtue ethics
What would a virtuous agent do?
Explain the following terms:
Respect for autonomy
Beneficence
What are the other 2 terms? Explain them too
Respect for autonomy
Effect someone’s autonomy? / consent / respect others choices
Beneficence
Who benefits and in what way?
Non-maleficence
Who is harmed? / minimise harm / communicate risks openly
Justice
Vulnerable groups / equitable? / more equitable, how?
What are the 3 techniques for behaviour change?
- Belief-orientated techniques
- Motivation techniques
- Conditioning techniques
Define cognitive dissonance
Discrepancy between the cognitive or affective components of an attitude and behaviour
Define counter attitudinal advocacy
Arguing an opposite position may change attitudes
What are the 7 aspects of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
- Self actualisation
- Aesthetic needs
- Cognitive needs
- Esteem needs
- Affiliation needs
- Safety needs
- Biological and physiological needs
Define conditioned behaviour
What are the 2 types of conditioning?
Define temporal contiguity
Acquired/ learned behaviour that is based on association
Classical conditioning/ operant conditioning
Temporal contiguity = close temporal contiguity between signal and event
Define phobias
Classically conditioned fears to previously neutral stimuli
- How does operant conditioning work?
2. What is the ABC of operant conditioning?
- Learning associations between behaviour and its consequences
- A = antecedent stimulus
B = behaviours
C = consequence
Explain the flow chart of reinforcement
Top box = reinforcement (strengthens behaviour) Bottom 2 boxes = Positive reinforcement (presentation of a desirable stimulus) Negative reinforcement (removal of an undesirable stimulus)
Explain the flow chart of punishment
Top box = punishment (weakens behaviour) Bottom 2 boxes = Positive punishment (presentation of an undesirable stimulus) Negative punishment (removal of a desirable stimulus)
Define extinction and give 2 techniques for it
Unlearning
Systematic desensitisation
Flooding
Stages of change
- Who is it by?
- What are the 6 stages?
- What are the 2 other stages coming out and at what point do they come out?
- Prochaska and Di Clemente
- Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Relapse - Premature exit (comes out after pre-contemplation)
Optimal recovery (comes out after maintenance)
Illness behaviour
- Who is it by?
- What are the 5 illness behaviour stages?
- David mechanic
- Evaluative stage
Assuming sick role
Help seeking
Becoming a patient
Recovery/ adaptation
What are Kubler Ross’ 5 stages of grief?
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
Adaptation to illness
- Who’s theory?
- Describe the flow chart
- Moo’s
2.
Background factors
(Patient factors/environmental factors/illness related factors)
Going to
Cognitive appraisal (What does this mean for me)
2 outcomes: arrows go either way with previous box Adaptive tasks (illness related + psychosocial)
Coping skills (emotion focussed + problem focussed)
What are the 3 coping types?
Rational/ active coping
Emotion coping
Avoidance coping
Who has a framework for the physical stages of puberty?
Tanner
How do you engage with adolescents?
Home Education Activities Drugs Sex Suicide
WHO international classification of function
Explain the flow charts
Health condition
Next 3 boxes:
- Body structure and function (impairment)
- Activities (limitations = disability)
- Participation (restriction = handicap)
Next 2 boxes:
Environmental factors
Personal factors
- Name 2 ways to measure functional ability
2. Name 2 ways to measure health related QoL
- Barthel index + activities of daily living
2. EQ-5D + SF36
What is a DALY and how do you measure it?
Disability adjusted life years
DALY = Years life lost + years lived with disability
Define stigma
Attribute / behaviour / reputation which is socially discrediting
