Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1 REVISION Bismillah > 12. Respiratory Physiology - Gwen > Flashcards

12. Respiratory Physiology - Gwen Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is Fick’s law?

2. Give the diffusion rate equation

A
  1. Describes influences on the rate of transfer of a gas

2. Diffusion rate = (alveolar SA / air-blood barrier thickness) X pressure gradient X diffusion constant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  1. Define Poiseulles law
  2. What do bronchioles provide?
  3. What can arterioles do?
  4. What is resistance to flow inversely proportional to?
A
  1. Air flow and blood flow are governed by the same principles of flow, pressure and resistance
  2. Provide most resistance to airflow ventilation
  3. Readily increase or decrease local blood flow rate
  4. Radius to the power of 4
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Haemoglobin

  1. How many polypeptide chains?
  2. Haem contains which ion?
  3. Adult Hb = Hb A = chains?
  4. Foetal Hb = Hb F = chains?
  5. What are the 2 states of Hb?
  6. Oxygen binds to iron in which state?
A
  1. 4
  2. Iron (Fe2+)
  3. 2 alpha and 2 beta
  4. 2 alpha and 2 gamma
  5. Oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin
  6. Ferrous state = Fe2+
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Oxygen-Hb dissociation curve

  1. Curve type? Shape change type? Binding type?
  2. As each oxygen binds to a Haem group, what happens to the structure? How does this relate to affinity?
A
  1. Sigmoid curve / allosteric shape change / co-operative binding
  2. Quaternary structure changes / affinity of remaining sites for oxygen increases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Right hand shift

  1. What 2 things does a right hand shift lead to?
  2. What 4 things can cause a right hand shift?
A
  1. Reduce Hb-oxygen affinity
    Help oxygen unloading into tissues
  2. Acidic pH
    Increased PaCO2
    Raised body temperature
    2,3 biphosphoglycerate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Left hand shift

  1. What 2 things does a left hand shift lead to?
  2. What 4 things can cause a left hand shift?
A
  1. Increase Hb-oxygen affinity
    Prevent oxygen unloading to tissues
  2. Alkaline pH
    Reduced PaCO2
    Lowered body temperature
    Fetal Hb
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

CO2 + red blood cell on systemic circulation

  1. CO2 is produced by the tissues. What cell does it enter?
  2. What does it combine with first? What enzyme is involved? What is the end result?
  3. What two things does this split into?
  4. When HCO3- diffuses out into the plasma, what diffuses in? What is this called?
  5. The oxyHb in the cell dissociates to release what 2 things? What is the purpose of this?
A
  1. Red blood cell in systemic circulation
  2. Water / carbonic anhydrase / H2CO3
  3. HCO3- and H+
  4. Cl-
    Chloride shift
  5. Oxygen and free Hb
    Hb can bind to H+ = HHb = buffer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CO2 dissociation curve

Shape?

A

Linear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. Acidosis is blood pH below what?

2. Alkalosis is blood pH above what?

A
  1. 7.35

2. 7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define pH

A

Power of hydrogen

=-log10 [H+]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give 3 mechanisms of metabolic production of acid

A
  1. Carbonic acid
  2. Non-volatile acid produced from nutrient breakdown
  3. Organic acids from intermediate metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 broad lines of defence against pH disorders?

Which one works in minutes and which one takes hours-days?

A
  1. Chemical buffers
  2. Adjusting ventilation to change PaCO2 (mins)
  3. Adjusting renal acid or alkalis secretion (hours-days)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

State the 3 main extracellular buffer systems

A
  1. Protein buffer system
  2. Phosphate buffer system
  3. Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

  1. What is the equation?
  2. This system cannot protect against pH changes due to what?
A
  1. Carbon dioxide + water - (carbonic anyhydrase) - H2CO3 - H+ and HCO3-
  2. Respiratory problems with too much/too little CO2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Bicarbonate buffer system is tightly regulated

  1. What is carbon dioxide regulated by? What does this work via? How long does this take?
  2. What is bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion regulated by? How long does this take?
A
  1. Lungs
    Chemoreceptors
    Seconds
  2. Kidneys
    Hours-days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Henderson-Hasselbach equation

  1. What is the equation?
  2. What 2 types of disturbances can effect this?
A
  1. pH is inversely proportional to bicarbonate divided by PCO2
  2. Respiratory and non-respiratory (metabolic)
17
Q

Bicarbonate buffer system

  1. Define respiratory cause
  2. Define non-respiratory (metabolic) cause
A
  1. Carbon dioxide is the main cause of the pH disturbance

2. Bicarbonate is the main cause of the pH disturbance

18
Q

Respiratory acidosis

  1. Cause?
  2. Due to?
  3. Name 2 treatments
A
  1. Elevation of PCO2 in blood
  2. Lack of removal of CO2 from blood
  3. IV administration of bicarbonate
  4. Ventilation therapy to increase exhalation of CO2
19
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

  1. Cause?
  2. Due to?
  3. What 2 things does renal compensation involve?
  4. Treatment?
A
  1. Arterial blood PCO2 is too low
  2. Increased removal of CO2 from blood
  3. Decrease in excretion of H+
    Increase in excretion of bicarbonate
  4. Re-breathing expired air
20
Q

Oxygen carriage in blood

  1. How much is physically dissolved? What can you say about oxygens solubility?
  2. How much is bound to Hb in RBC? The total bound is influenced by what?
A
  1. 1.5%
    Oxygen has low solubility compared to CO2
  2. 98.5%
    Influenced by % saturation

1 REVISION Bismillah (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions