3- Anaesthesia workshops

Question 1

What drugs are in a triple premed

Answer 1

Opioid- e.g. methadone
Alpha-2- e.g. medetomidine
Ketamine- induction agent

Question 2

What drugs are in a quad premed

Answer 2

midazolam, medetomidine, methadone and ketamine

Question 3

When would a quad be used

Answer 3

Tends to be used in smaller kittens

Question 4

List some ways to reduce stress in rabbits

Answer 4

Keep in separate room to predators
Bring them in with a companion
Feed own food and water bowls

Question 5

How to prevent hypothermia in rabbit during anaesthesia

Answer 5

Have high surface area to volume ration
Warm water glove- hot hands
Heating pad- need a towel between it and the bunny
Foil on extremities
Warm room
Bear huggers
Only clip fur thats needed
Avoid using surgical spirt- use hibiscrub instead

Question 6

How long do you starve your bird before the general anaesthesia

Answer 6

As long as it takes till the crop is empty
Can’t vomit when food has passed crop
2-3 hours ish- check before you do the surgery

Question 7

What is important to remember when anaesthetising a bird

Answer 7

Pre-oxygenate before inducing

Question 8

Why might a fracture of the birds humerus effect the respiratory tract?

Answer 8

Is a pneumatic bone:
- Increased risk of infection to respiratory tract- depends if fracture is open and closed to if you would give antibiotics
- Isoflurane could escape from fracture- so pregnant people should not be in the room, and ventilate the room well

Question 9

How could you administer fluids to this bird whilst under general anaesthetic?

Answer 9

IV- medial metatarsal vein- good to use in birds
Interosseus- into a bone- Best in small birds
Subcutaneous fluids- if give at start of surgery then will be working by the time they are needed

Question 10

Why do you need to ventilate a tortoise whilst under anaesthesia

Answer 10

Need to ventilate tortoises as they have no diaphragm so have to be manually ventilated when stationary

Question 11

Why is it so important to keep the tortoise’s temperature as close to 30 degree Celsius as possible?

Answer 11

When cold will reduce metabolism- this will the drugs will take ages to leave their system
Immune system works best at optimum temperature
More likely to heal quick when in optimal temperature
Cooler they are the lower their respiratory rate

Question 12

What does a medicine need to be on for you to be able to use it in a food producing animal

Answer 12

GB MRL register

Question 13

What local anaesthetics are licensed in farm animals

Answer 13

procaine licensed
lidocaine also in register - but not licensed

Question 14

Can you use lidocaine for cow epidural

Answer 14

isn’t licensed but on register
does not say contraindicated

Question 15

Can you use procaine for cow epidural

Answer 15

is contraindicated but is the only licensed local in cows

Question 16

When would you use xylazine in cows and what is the risk

Answer 16

As sedative if doing surgery on a wild cow
risk of the cow becoming recumbent- so have to use a very low dose

Question 17

How can you tell if paravertebral block worked in cow

Answer 17

Cow spine should bend towards the side you have blocked
Vasodilation of skin occurs so will seem more steam off the cow, skin very hot

Question 18

Where do you block when performing a paravertebral block

Answer 18

T13, L1 and L2

Question 19

If you are going to remove the eye of a horse what block would you use

Answer 19

retrobulbar as this goes behind the eye

Question 20

List 2 local anaetshetics that are licensed in horses

Answer 20

lidocaine
procaine
mepivacaine

Question 21

Which alpha-2 agonists are licensed for use in horses

Answer 21

xylazine
detomidine
romifidine

Question 22

How can you make sure you have inflated cuff of ET tube adequately

Answer 22

Listen over animals head, close valve on breathing system, squeeze breathing bag and inject air until stop hearing the leak of the air

Question 23

How can you prevent overinflation of ET cuff

Answer 23

use Monometer

Question 24

When would you use a cuffed tube for a cat GA

Answer 24

In a dental or whenever there may be secretions in the back of the mouth

Question 25

How long do you starve your rabbit before the general anaesthetic?

Answer 25

Wouldn’t- get hyperglycaemia easily

Question 26

T/F rabbits have a strong pyloric sphincter so can’t vomit

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Why is reducing stress so important in rabbits

Answer 27

Reduce catecholamines release- which reduces cardiac arrest
Ileus and gut statis –> can be fatal and affected by stress

Question 28

How will you position your rabbit? How will this differ to cats/dogs and why?

Answer 28

Abdomen is very big and thorax is very small - need to protect the lung space
Tip head up- to stop rabbit guts from putting pressure on the lungs

Question 29

What is bioavailability

Answer 29

Bioavailability refers to the extent and rate at which the active moiety (drug or metabolite) enters systemic circulation, thereby accessing the site of action

Question 30

What is the advantage of using a doppler

Answer 30

can hear the changes in heart rate, and can detect movement of even the tiniest particles in motion

Question 31

What is the disadvantage of using a doppler

Answer 31

has limited range of accuracy, needs a person to perform it, tedious, batteries can run out, takes time to set up

Question 32

What is Dopram-V

Answer 32

a potent respiratory stimulant- is often used in puppies and kittens
has a massive O2 demand on patient to stimulate breathing