3. Abdomen Flashcards
the urinary tract begins at the __ and ends at the ___
begins at the kidney
ends at urethra
in what section of the urinary tract is there a difference between the females and males system
urethra is different
everything else is structurally similar
what is the main product of the kidneys and how do they create this
urine
created by filtering our blood
what is the path of urine from the kidney to the urethra
kidney renal pelvis ureters bladder urethra
how does the ureter passes inferiorly to the surface of which muscle and crosses what structure to reach the posterior aspect of the bladder
inferior to the psoas major muscle
crosses the pelvic brim
the ureters cross the bifurcation of which major artery at the pelvic brim
common iliac artery
the kidneys are located in what area and are encased in 2 fat pads what are they
retroperitoneum
peri-renal and para-renal fat pads
where are the peri and para-renal fat pads
peri is on the inside directly surrounding the kidney
para is on the outside half of the peri renal fat pad
what is the function of the fat pads around the kidney
protection as the kidneys are exposed posteriorly as they hand below the last 2 ribs
extra fat pads protect them and prevent them from moving too much
what ribs are the left and right kidneys located behind
left = behind ribs 11&12 right = behind rib 12
what bony landmarks can be used to estimate the ureter positioning
the ureters descend roughly in line with the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae
the bladder is behind which bones
pubic bones
what are the differences between the male and female bladder and urethra
male = bladder sits on top of the prostate and the urethra is long with 2 bends
female = uterus lays on top of the bladder and urethra is very short and straight
what are the 3 places that a kidney stone can commonly get stuck between the kidney and the bladder
at the renal pelvis (start of ureter)
crosses the pelvic brim (over common iliac artery bifurcation) as the path bends here
where it enters the bladder
the GI tract begins and ends where
begins = mouth end = anus
what is the the oesophagus passes through what to get to the abdominal cavity
through the diaphragm
what organ does the oesophagus transition into
stomach
what is the top portion of the stomach called
fundus
what does the stomach do
distensible to accomodate our meals
what is the middle portion of the stomach called
body
what is the distal part of the stomach called
pyloric sphincter
is the proximal or distal stomach more muscular
distal as its the pyloric sphincter
what is the role of the pyloric sphincter
control passage of food from the stomach to the small bowel
what is the normal by product of digestion that could be seen in the fundus if the patient was standing erect
gas
past the pylorus sphincter the gut becomes known as the ___
duodenum
the duodenum is what shape
G shaped
passes to the right then descends and passes to the left and then ascends slightly
what is found in the inner curvature of the duodenum
head of pancreas
what is the path of passage of food from mouth to anus going to take
mouth oesophagus stomach (fundus -> body -> pyloric sphincter) duodenum jejunum ileum
what part of the GI tract is the duodenum part of
small intestine
what are the 3 sections of the small intestine from proximal to distal
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
what 2 parts of the small intestine are suspended from the body wall
jejunum and ileum
what are the 2 reasons for why the jejunum and ileum are so convoluted and suspended
allows for greater length of bowel to fit and increase absorption
allow lots of movement and mobility for passage of food
what are the ring like structures traversing the inner walls of the small intestine
plicae circularis
valvulae conniventes
what are the 9 regions of the abdomen
right hypochondrium -> epigastric region -> left hypochondrium
right flank -> umbilical region -> left flank
right groin -> pubic region -> left groin
what abdomen region does the large intestine start around
right groin
where does the large intestine start? ie its the transition of ___ into the ____
ileum into the caecum
what abdomen region is the ascending colon located in
right flank
what abdomen region is the hepatic flexure located in
right hypochondrium
what abdomen region is the transverse colon located in
epigastric region
what abdomen region is the splenic flexure located in
left hypochondrium
what abdomen region is the descending colon located in
left flank
what abdomen region is the sigmoid colon located in
left groin
what abdomen region is the rectum located in
pubic region
what does epigastric mean in the context of the GI tract association
near (epi-) the stomach (-gastric)
what part of the bowel is the appendix attached to
what abdomen region is the appendix located in
attached to the caecum (junction of the ileum and cecum) and found in the right groin
what is the difference in morphology between the small intestine and the large intestine
large is more saccular and dilated
small is smaller and is a muscular tube
what are teniae coli
longitudinal bands of muscle in the large intestine
what are haustra
sac like out pouchings of the intestinal wall
the liver is located where and under what
in the abdominal cavity
under the right dome of the diaphragm
how many anatomical lobes are there on the anterior face of the liver
what are they
2
right and left lobes
what is the right and left lobes split by on the anterior surface on the liver
falciform ligament
what does the falciform ligament do
anchor the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
is the right or left anatomical lobe larger for the liver
right anatomical lobe is larger
how many anatomical lobes and regions are there on the posterior face of the liver
what are they
4 lobes and one region
Left and right lobes
caudate lobe
quadrate lobe
what is the vessel and organ in the top and bottom respectively middle of the posterior face of the liver
IVC and gall bladder
what is the caudates lobe in relation to the IVC
caudate lobe sits to the left of the IVC
what is the quadrate lobe in relation to the gall bladder
quadrate lobe sits to the left of the gall bladder
is the caudate or quadrate lobe of the liver at the top of the liver
caudate lobe is above quadrate lobe
where is the bare region of the liver and what is it fused to and for what purpose
above the right lobe on the posterior face of the liver
fused to diaphragm for anchoring
which area of the body’s 9 abdominal regions is the liver located in
Right hypochondrium region and into the epigastric
how far superiorly does the liver extend using the ribs as surface markers
rib 5/6
ribs 11 and 12 are on the anterior and posterior true/false? why?
false
not on the anterior surface
where is the gall bladder located on the liver
pinned to and hangs from the inferior surface of the liver
what does the gallbladder do
store and concentrate bile
what can develop in the gallbladder
gall stones
what surface landmark can indicate the gall bladder
costal cartilage of the right 9th rib in the midclavicular line
NOTE must specify which side
what is the difference between the physiological and anatomical division
physiological principle whereby right and left side have their own blood supply and biliary drainage
what divides the right and left physiological lobes
cantlie’s line
what is the cantlie’s line also known as
principle plane
where does the cantlies line lie in relation to the IVC and gallbladder
runs vertically and roughly in line with the IVC and tip of the gallbladder
considering cantlie’s line, what can you notice about the physiological and anatomical lobes in terms of the right/left, caudate and quadrate lobe locations
part of the right anatomical lobe is in the left physiological lobe
the quadrate and caudate lobes lie within the left side
the pancreas is a ____ organ
retroperotineal organ
where is the pancreas located in terms of the midline, abdominal aorta and spleen
begins to the right of the midline, passing anteriorly to the abdominal aorta and superior mesenteric artery origin (formation of hepatic vein) and extends laterally, superiorly and slightly posteriorly to the left ending at the spleen
which part of the gut tube is the pancreas head closely connected with
descending duodenum
the head of the pancreas transmits which 2 ducts that drain where
pancreatic and bile ducts from liver/gallbladder that drain into the gut
the spleen is part of the gut true/false
why
false
its a lymphoid organ
what does the spleen do
filter blood and is part of the immune response
where does the spleen get its blood supply from
splenic artery
where is the spleens position in the abdomen in terms of the associated body region and surface landmarks
in left hypochondrium
superior to the left kidney and inferior to the diaphragm
deep to ribs 9-11 on the left side
the blood supply to the abdominal organs arises entirely from which vessl
abdominal aorta
the abdominal aorta runs through the abdomen ___ to the vertebrae
anterior
the abdominal aorta gives off how many pre-aortic branches and which are they
3
celiac trunk
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery
which vertebral level gives rise to the celiac trunk
T12 - L1
which part of the gut is supplied by the celiac trunk
foregut structures
which vertebral level gives rise to the superior mesenteric artery
L1
which part of the gut is supplied by the superior mesenteric artery
midgut structures
which vertebral level gives rise to the inferior mesenteric artery
L3
which part of the gut is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery
hindgut structures
order the pre-aortic branches from top to bottom
celiac trunk
SMA
IMA
what are the organs that are a part of the foregut
distal oesophagus to 1/2 duodenum
liver, spleen and pancreas
what are the organs that are a part of the midgut
distal 1/2 duodenum to 2/3 transverse colon (including jejunum and ileum)
what are the organs that are a part of the hindgut
distal 1/3 transverse colon to rectum
the celiac trunk splits into how main branches
what are they and what direction do they go
3
common hepatic artery (to the right)
left gastric artery (superior)
splenic artery (to the left)
at which vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate
L4
what 2 arteries does the abdominal aorta bifurcates into
internal and external iliac arteries
at which vertebral level does the inferior vena cava bifurcate
L5
the internal iliacs supplies what structure
majority of the pelvis viscera
what major artery does the external iliac become
femoral artery
what does the common hepatic artery supply
the liver
what does the left gastric supply
stomach
what does the splenic artery supply
spleen
the renal vein and artery are said to be ___-aortic
para
what does pre-aortic and para-aortic mean
pre = before (in front of)/midline off the front
para = beside/off the sides of the aorta
the renal vein drains into what
IVC
the left and right renal vein have what observable difference and why?
why is this difference not observed for the aorta
left is 3x longer as the IVC is on the right hand side of the body
aorta is more midline hence less difference
the left renal vein takes what path back to the IVC
where is it at risk and why
crosses over the aorta and under the SMA
risks being clamped off as it sits between 2 hard structures (eg surring SMA aneurysm)
does the venous blood all drain back directly to the IVC
why
no
blood contains the things we digested and absorbed both good and bad so must first be processed at the liver
where does the venous blood drain to
portal vein (portal venous system)
are there vein equivalents for all the the pre-aortic arteries
there is a superior and inferior messenteric vein but no celiac vein
which 2 veins form the portal vein deep to the pancreas
splenic and superior mesenteric veins
which vein does the inferior mesenteric vein go into
splenic vein
why does the IMV not drain into the SMV or directly
why doesnt the SMV drain into the IMV etc
has to cross the midline so safer to drain the splenic vein first
the portal vein splits into 2 veins what are they
what do the 2 supply
left and right portal veins
supplies the left and right physiological halves of the liver
once processed by the liver the blood in the liver drains by how many hepatic veins and where does it drain to
can they be seen externally why or why not
3 hepatic veins
into the IVC and reenters into the normal systemic circulation
no as they are found within the liver
