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203 MEDIMAGE - HAL > 3. Abdomen > Flashcards

3. Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

the urinary tract begins at the __ and ends at the ___

A

begins at the kidney

ends at urethra

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2
Q

in what section of the urinary tract is there a difference between the females and males system

A

urethra is different

everything else is structurally similar

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3
Q

what is the main product of the kidneys and how do they create this

A

urine

created by filtering our blood

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4
Q

what is the path of urine from the kidney to the urethra

A 
kidney
renal pelvis
ureters
bladder
urethra
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5
Q

how does the ureter passes inferiorly to the surface of which muscle and crosses what structure to reach the posterior aspect of the bladder

A

inferior to the psoas major muscle

crosses the pelvic brim

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6
Q

the ureters cross the bifurcation of which major artery at the pelvic brim

A

common iliac artery

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7
Q

the kidneys are located in what area and are encased in 2 fat pads what are they

A

retroperitoneum

peri-renal and para-renal fat pads

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8
Q

where are the peri and para-renal fat pads

A

peri is on the inside directly surrounding the kidney

para is on the outside half of the peri renal fat pad

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9
Q

what is the function of the fat pads around the kidney

A

protection as the kidneys are exposed posteriorly as they hand below the last 2 ribs

extra fat pads protect them and prevent them from moving too much

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10
Q

what ribs are the left and right kidneys located behind

A 
left = behind ribs 11&12
right = behind rib 12
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11
Q

what bony landmarks can be used to estimate the ureter positioning

A

the ureters descend roughly in line with the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae

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12
Q

the bladder is behind which bones

A

pubic bones

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13
Q

what are the differences between the male and female bladder and urethra

A

male = bladder sits on top of the prostate and the urethra is long with 2 bends

female = uterus lays on top of the bladder and urethra is very short and straight

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14
Q

what are the 3 places that a kidney stone can commonly get stuck between the kidney and the bladder

A

at the renal pelvis (start of ureter)

crosses the pelvic brim (over common iliac artery bifurcation) as the path bends here

where it enters the bladder

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15
Q

the GI tract begins and ends where

A 
begins = mouth
end = anus
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16
Q

what is the the oesophagus passes through what to get to the abdominal cavity

A

through the diaphragm

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17
Q

what organ does the oesophagus transition into

A

stomach

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18
Q

what is the top portion of the stomach called

A

fundus

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19
Q

what does the stomach do

A

distensible to accomodate our meals

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20
Q

what is the middle portion of the stomach called

A

body

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21
Q

what is the distal part of the stomach called

A

pyloric sphincter

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22
Q

is the proximal or distal stomach more muscular

A

distal as its the pyloric sphincter

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23
Q

what is the role of the pyloric sphincter

A

control passage of food from the stomach to the small bowel

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24
Q

what is the normal by product of digestion that could be seen in the fundus if the patient was standing erect

A

gas

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25
Q

past the pylorus sphincter the gut becomes known as the ___

A

duodenum

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26
Q

the duodenum is what shape

A

G shaped

passes to the right then descends and passes to the left and then ascends slightly

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27
Q

what is found in the inner curvature of the duodenum

A

head of pancreas

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28
Q

what is the path of passage of food from mouth to anus going to take

A 
mouth
oesophagus
stomach (fundus -> body -> pyloric sphincter)
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
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29
Q

what part of the GI tract is the duodenum part of

A

small intestine

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30
Q

what are the 3 sections of the small intestine from proximal to distal

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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31
Q

what 2 parts of the small intestine are suspended from the body wall

A

jejunum and ileum

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32
Q

what are the 2 reasons for why the jejunum and ileum are so convoluted and suspended

A

allows for greater length of bowel to fit and increase absorption

allow lots of movement and mobility for passage of food

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33
Q

what are the ring like structures traversing the inner walls of the small intestine

A

plicae circularis

valvulae conniventes

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34
Q

what are the 9 regions of the abdomen

A

right hypochondrium -> epigastric region -> left hypochondrium

right flank -> umbilical region -> left flank

right groin -> pubic region -> left groin

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35
Q

what abdomen region does the large intestine start around

A

right groin

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36
Q

where does the large intestine start? ie its the transition of ___ into the ____

A

ileum into the caecum

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37
Q

what abdomen region is the ascending colon located in

A

right flank

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38
Q

what abdomen region is the hepatic flexure located in

A

right hypochondrium

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39
Q

what abdomen region is the transverse colon located in

A

epigastric region

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40
Q

what abdomen region is the splenic flexure located in

A

left hypochondrium

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41
Q

what abdomen region is the descending colon located in

A

left flank

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42
Q

what abdomen region is the sigmoid colon located in

A

left groin

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43
Q

what abdomen region is the rectum located in

A

pubic region

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44
Q

what does epigastric mean in the context of the GI tract association

A

near (epi-) the stomach (-gastric)

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45
Q

what part of the bowel is the appendix attached to

what abdomen region is the appendix located in

A

attached to the caecum (junction of the ileum and cecum) and found in the right groin

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46
Q

what is the difference in morphology between the small intestine and the large intestine

A

large is more saccular and dilated

small is smaller and is a muscular tube

47
Q

what are teniae coli

A

longitudinal bands of muscle in the large intestine

48
Q

what are haustra

A

sac like out pouchings of the intestinal wall

49
Q

the liver is located where and under what

A

in the abdominal cavity

under the right dome of the diaphragm

50
Q

how many anatomical lobes are there on the anterior face of the liver

what are they

A

2

right and left lobes

51
Q

what is the right and left lobes split by on the anterior surface on the liver

A

falciform ligament

52
Q

what does the falciform ligament do

A

anchor the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

53
Q

is the right or left anatomical lobe larger for the liver

A

right anatomical lobe is larger

54
Q

how many anatomical lobes and regions are there on the posterior face of the liver

what are they

A

4 lobes and one region

Left and right lobes
caudate lobe
quadrate lobe

55
Q

what is the vessel and organ in the top and bottom respectively middle of the posterior face of the liver

A

IVC and gall bladder

56
Q

what is the caudates lobe in relation to the IVC

A

caudate lobe sits to the left of the IVC

57
Q

what is the quadrate lobe in relation to the gall bladder

A

quadrate lobe sits to the left of the gall bladder

58
Q

is the caudate or quadrate lobe of the liver at the top of the liver

A

caudate lobe is above quadrate lobe

59
Q

where is the bare region of the liver and what is it fused to and for what purpose

A

above the right lobe on the posterior face of the liver

fused to diaphragm for anchoring

60
Q

which area of the body’s 9 abdominal regions is the liver located in

A

Right hypochondrium region and into the epigastric

61
Q

how far superiorly does the liver extend using the ribs as surface markers

A

rib 5/6

62
Q

ribs 11 and 12 are on the anterior and posterior true/false? why?

A

false

not on the anterior surface

63
Q

where is the gall bladder located on the liver

A

pinned to and hangs from the inferior surface of the liver

64
Q

what does the gallbladder do

A

store and concentrate bile

65
Q

what can develop in the gallbladder

A

gall stones

66
Q

what surface landmark can indicate the gall bladder

A

costal cartilage of the right 9th rib in the midclavicular line

NOTE must specify which side

67
Q

what is the difference between the physiological and anatomical division

A

physiological principle whereby right and left side have their own blood supply and biliary drainage

68
Q

what divides the right and left physiological lobes

A

cantlie’s line

69
Q

what is the cantlie’s line also known as

A

principle plane

70
Q

where does the cantlies line lie in relation to the IVC and gallbladder

A

runs vertically and roughly in line with the IVC and tip of the gallbladder

71
Q

considering cantlie’s line, what can you notice about the physiological and anatomical lobes in terms of the right/left, caudate and quadrate lobe locations

A

part of the right anatomical lobe is in the left physiological lobe

the quadrate and caudate lobes lie within the left side

72
Q

the pancreas is a ____ organ

A

retroperotineal organ

73
Q

where is the pancreas located in terms of the midline, abdominal aorta and spleen

A

begins to the right of the midline, passing anteriorly to the abdominal aorta and superior mesenteric artery origin (formation of hepatic vein) and extends laterally, superiorly and slightly posteriorly to the left ending at the spleen

74
Q

which part of the gut tube is the pancreas head closely connected with

A

descending duodenum

75
Q

the head of the pancreas transmits which 2 ducts that drain where

A

pancreatic and bile ducts from liver/gallbladder that drain into the gut

76
Q

the spleen is part of the gut true/false

why

A

false

its a lymphoid organ

77
Q

what does the spleen do

A

filter blood and is part of the immune response

78
Q

where does the spleen get its blood supply from

A

splenic artery

79
Q

where is the spleens position in the abdomen in terms of the associated body region and surface landmarks

A

in left hypochondrium

superior to the left kidney and inferior to the diaphragm

deep to ribs 9-11 on the left side

80
Q

the blood supply to the abdominal organs arises entirely from which vessl

A

abdominal aorta

81
Q

the abdominal aorta runs through the abdomen ___ to the vertebrae

A

anterior

82
Q

the abdominal aorta gives off how many pre-aortic branches and which are they

A

3

celiac trunk
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery

83
Q

which vertebral level gives rise to the celiac trunk

A

T12 - L1

84
Q

which part of the gut is supplied by the celiac trunk

A

foregut structures

85
Q

which vertebral level gives rise to the superior mesenteric artery

A

L1

86
Q

which part of the gut is supplied by the superior mesenteric artery

A

midgut structures

87
Q

which vertebral level gives rise to the inferior mesenteric artery

A

L3

88
Q

which part of the gut is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery

A

hindgut structures

89
Q

order the pre-aortic branches from top to bottom

A

celiac trunk
SMA
IMA

90
Q

what are the organs that are a part of the foregut

A

distal oesophagus to 1/2 duodenum

liver, spleen and pancreas

91
Q

what are the organs that are a part of the midgut

A

distal 1/2 duodenum to 2/3 transverse colon (including jejunum and ileum)

92
Q

what are the organs that are a part of the hindgut

A

distal 1/3 transverse colon to rectum

93
Q

the celiac trunk splits into how main branches

what are they and what direction do they go

A

3

common hepatic artery (to the right)
left gastric artery (superior)
splenic artery (to the left)

94
Q

at which vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate

A

L4

95
Q

what 2 arteries does the abdominal aorta bifurcates into

A

internal and external iliac arteries

96
Q

at which vertebral level does the inferior vena cava bifurcate

A

L5

97
Q

the internal iliacs supplies what structure

A

majority of the pelvis viscera

98
Q

what major artery does the external iliac become

A

femoral artery

99
Q

what does the common hepatic artery supply

A

the liver

100
Q

what does the left gastric supply

A

stomach

101
Q

what does the splenic artery supply

A

spleen

102
Q

the renal vein and artery are said to be ___-aortic

A

para

103
Q

what does pre-aortic and para-aortic mean

A

pre = before (in front of)/midline off the front

para = beside/off the sides of the aorta

104
Q

the renal vein drains into what

A

IVC

105
Q

the left and right renal vein have what observable difference and why?

why is this difference not observed for the aorta

A

left is 3x longer as the IVC is on the right hand side of the body

aorta is more midline hence less difference

106
Q

the left renal vein takes what path back to the IVC

where is it at risk and why

A

crosses over the aorta and under the SMA

risks being clamped off as it sits between 2 hard structures (eg surring SMA aneurysm)

107
Q

does the venous blood all drain back directly to the IVC

why

A

no

blood contains the things we digested and absorbed both good and bad so must first be processed at the liver

108
Q

where does the venous blood drain to

A

portal vein (portal venous system)

109
Q

are there vein equivalents for all the the pre-aortic arteries

A

there is a superior and inferior messenteric vein but no celiac vein

110
Q

which 2 veins form the portal vein deep to the pancreas

A

splenic and superior mesenteric veins

111
Q

which vein does the inferior mesenteric vein go into

A

splenic vein

112
Q

why does the IMV not drain into the SMV or directly

why doesnt the SMV drain into the IMV etc

A

has to cross the midline so safer to drain the splenic vein first

113
Q

the portal vein splits into 2 veins what are they

what do the 2 supply

A

left and right portal veins

supplies the left and right physiological halves of the liver

114
Q

once processed by the liver the blood in the liver drains by how many hepatic veins and where does it drain to

can they be seen externally why or why not

A

3 hepatic veins

into the IVC and reenters into the normal systemic circulation

no as they are found within the liver

203 MEDIMAGE - HAL (6 decks)

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