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3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are causes of pneumonia?

A 
Viral:
- Influenza, 
- Respiratory syncytial viruses, 
- SARS 
- coronavrisuses.
Bacteria: 
- Streptococcus pneumonia - leading cause
- Staph. Aureus
- Legionella Pneumophilia
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2
Q

What all does staph. aureus cause?

A

“SOFT PAINS”

  1. Skin infections
  2. Osteomyelitis
  3. Food poisoning
  4. Toxic shock syndrome
  5. Pneumonia
  6. Acute endocarditis
  7. Infective arthritis
  8. Necrotizing fasciitis
  9. Sepsis
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3
Q

What kind of influenza is likely to cause the next global pandemic?

A

Influenza A since it can mutate quickly to resist antiviral medications

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4
Q

What three kinds of viruses commonly cause colds?

A

RCE
Rhinovirus
Coronavirus
Enterovirus

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5
Q

Why are HPV 18, HIV, and HSV-type2 STDs?

A

Because they have tissue tropism and adaptations that allow them to take advantage of sexual contact to transmit to new hosts

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6
Q

Which kind of virus is more susceptible to environmental stresses, enveloped or capsid?

A

Enveloped

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7
Q

What two viruses can cause mononucleosis (an infection of the white blood cells)?

A

Epstein-Barr

Cytomegalovirus

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8
Q

What bacteria cause aggressive periodontitis?

A 
Actinobacillus actionmycetemcomitans (AA)
Porphyromonas gingivalis
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9
Q

What is the main cause of UTI’s in healthy women in the US?

A

E. coli (gram - rods, facultative anaerobes, ferment lactose)

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10
Q

What all does E. coli cause?

A 
DUNG
Diarrhea
UTI
Neonatal meningitis
Gram negative sepsis
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11
Q

How do you kill B. pertussis?

A

Germicides (which work on microbes other than endospores)

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12
Q

What disease results in phagocytes having difficulty creating reactive oxygen compounds to destroy ingested pathogens?

A

Chronic granulomatous disease

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13
Q

Tell me about adenovirus.

A

It can latently infect lymphoid tissues
Immunocompromised patients are at risk if this disease breaks free of the virus-host balance
Causes a lot of childhood complaints

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14
Q

What does a neuraminidase inhibitor do to influenza?

A

It stops it in the viral egress stage by preventing it from unsticking from the cell the produced it.

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15
Q

What are the food poisoning bugs?

A

“Eating Contaminated Stuff Causes Very Big Smelly Vomit.”

  1. E. Coli (undercooked meat)
  2. Clostridium botulinum (canned foods)
  3. Salmonella (Poultry, meat, eggs)
  4. Clostridium perfringens (reheated meat)
  5. Vibrio parahaemolyticus (seafood)
  6. Bacillus cereus (reheated rice)
  7. Staph. Aureus (meats, mayo, custard)
  8. Vibrio vulnificus (seafood)
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16
Q

What is the most common cause of septic arthritis is sexually active adults?

A

Neisseria gonnorrhea (PMNs and gram - diplococci present in aspirate)

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17
Q

What kind of paralysis does C. tetani cause?

A

spastic (muscles contract)

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18
Q

What does Pseudomonas Aeruginosa cause and what are its characteristics?

A

PSEU

  1. Pneumonia
  2. Sepsis
  3. External otits media
  4. UTI

AERUGINOSA - No endospores

  1. Aerobic
  2. Exotoxin A
  3. Rod
  4. UTI, burns and infection
  5. Green blue pigment
  6. Iron containing lesions
  7. Negative gram, no lactose fermenting
  8. Oxidase positive
  9. Sepsis
  10. Adherence pili
19
Q

What virus is known for its small size and causes fifth disease?

A

Parvovirus (DNA virus)

20
Q

How does the HPV vaccine work?

A

Memory cells that work quickly to envelope HPV in antibodies and eliminate it while the number of infections epithelial cells is small.

21
Q

How does RSV differ from influenza?

A

It affects young children, causing pneumonia (paramyxovirus)

22
Q

What does Strep. pyongenes cause?

A 
GET NIPPLES (it releases endotoxins)Wh
1. Glomerulonephritis
2. Endocarditis
3 Toxic shock syndrome
4. Necrotizing fasciitis and myositis
5. Impetigo
6. Pharyngitis
7. Pneumonia
8. Lymphangitis
9. Erysipelas and cellulitis
10. Scarlet fever/Rheumatic Fever
23
Q

How do killed vaccines work?

A

They make a rapid antibody response possible in the event of a real infection

24
Q

What do superantigens do?

A

Link MHC II proteins on APCs to random TCR’s on CD4 cells

25
Q

How is rabies diagnosed in postmortem?

A

By negri bodies in the cytoplasm

26
Q

What super aggressive bacteria bacteria often colonizes the nares of healthy people?

A

Staph. aureus (also resists b-lactam drugs)

27
Q

By definition, what two things do all viruses do?

A
  1. They are obligate intracellular parasites

2. They alternate between their replicating state inside the cell and their inactive/dormant state outside the cell

28
Q

When you drink unfiltered water while camping, you run the risk of ingesting what?

A

Giardia lambia, in microbial cyst form. It’s a protozoan parasite. Copious, foul-smelling diarrhea and flatulence will ensue. May the odds be ever in your favor.

29
Q

Tell me about corona viruses.

A

Well, they’re extremely large enveloped viruses. They can cause colds, and SARS (which is like a cold, then influenza, then severe cough, then pneumonia).

30
Q

How do bacterial and fungal spores compare?

A

Bacterial spores are more resistant to desiccation

31
Q

What is lyme disease caused by?

A

Spirochaetes (a bacterium)

32
Q

What strains of HPV are associated with cervical cancer?

A

16, & 18

33
Q

What are the stages of syphilis (caused by Treponema palladium)?

A
  1. Primary - 4-5 weeks non painful chancre at site of contact (often lips)
  2. Secondary - 6 weeks. A rash or flat topped papule called a condyloma lata will appear at the site
  3. Tertiary - A gumma (nodular mass) appears in the 30% of people who progress to tertiary. Commonly in the mouth

Treat with Penicillin G.

34
Q

Tell me about arboviruses.

A

They are arthropod borne

They don’t normally infect humans but when they do it only causes mild/transient symptoms

35
Q

Tell me about aspergillus.

A

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

  • Aspergillus Alfatoxins
  • Causes liver cancers
36
Q

What disease grows in red blood cells?

A

Malaria, caused by plasmodium (protozoan)

37
Q

What are flagella composed of?

A

Only protein. This makes them useful for serological typing.

38
Q

Does vertical or horizontal gene transfer involve replication of the organism?

A

Vertical.

39
Q

What are the 3 kinds of vertical gene transfer?

A
  1. Transduction - Bacteriophage carries genetic material from one organism to another and integrates it.
  2. Transformation - A prokaryote integrates naked DNA from environment into it’s genome
  3. Conjugation - bacterial sex
40
Q

What bacteria produce toxins that can be weaponized?

A

Botulinum and Staph. aureus

41
Q

What are prions?

A

They are purely folds protein and function by converting a normal animal protein into an abnormally folded protein which can then force other normal proteins into the abnormal fold.

42
Q

What are the congenital signs of rubella?

A

“Rubber Ducky, I see Blue”

Rubella
patent Ductus arterioles
Eyes
Blueberry muffin rash

*No long term outcome other than immunity in adulthood.

43
Q

What usually causes encephalitis?

A

Direct viral infection, or hypersensitivity rxn to a virus or foreign protein.

44
Q

What caused smallpox?

A

Variola virus

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