3 + 4 - Arthropod and Protozoa Intro

Question 1

What are important groups of arachnidas and insectas?

Answer 1

Arachnica’s - Mites and Ticks (Acari)
Insecta - Bugs (hemiptera), life (mallophaga and anoplura), fleas (siphonoptera) and flies (diptera)

Question 2

What are mites?

Answer 2

Dorso-ventrally flattened, six legs as larva, eight legs as nymph and adult, variable host specificity, microscopic and “hairy”
Burrowing mites have short legs
Surface mites have long legs

Question 3

In sarcoptes, how long until the life cycle is complete?

Answer 3

10-14 days

Question 4

What are ticks?

Answer 4

dorso-ventrally flattened, sick legs as larva, eight legs as nymph and adult, not very host specific, macroscopic, smooth
Hard ticks - ixodidae
Soft Ticks - Argasidae

Question 5

What are the life stages of ticks and their legs?

Answer 5

Egg -> larva (3 pairs of legs) -> nymph (4 pairs of legs -> adult

Question 6

What is a one host tick?

Answer 6

attached to a host as a larva, feeds and moults to a nymph and adult and falls off original animal as adults which will then lay eggs in the environment weeks to months later

Question 7

What are two host ticks?

Answer 7

attaches to host 1 as larva, feeds and moults to nymph and falls off. Moults to an adult in enviro and finds new host as an adult, then mates on host and falls off into the environment

Question 8

What is a 3 host tick?

Answer 8

attaches to host 1 as larva, feeds and fall off to moult to a nypmh and attach to host 2, feeds and falls off into enviro. Moults into an adult and attaches to host 3 and mates on the host then falls off to lay eggs

Question 9

What are common characteristics of insects?

Answer 9

three pairs of legs
3 distinct body regions (head, thorax, abdomen)
Head - two eyes, 2 antennae and complex mouthparts
Thorax - six legs and anywhere from 0-4 wings
Abdomen
Repro prods eggs or larvae

Question 10

Describe some common characteristics of bugs? give an example of them

Answer 10

dorso-ventrally flattened, six legs, variable host specifity
Bed bugs, assassin bugs

Question 11

What are cimicidae?

Answer 11

bed bugs

Question 12

What are reduviidae?

Answer 12

Assasin bugs, kissing bugs, cone noses

Question 13

What is the life cycle of bed bugs?

Answer 13

cimex lectularius
Adults -on host only to feed
Eggs - in environment
Nymphs - on host only to feed

Question 14

What are common characteristics of lice? Give an example of them

Answer 14

Dorsoventrally flattened, six legs, quite host specifity
Ex. Mallophaga - chewing/biting lice
Anoplura - Sucking lice

Question 15

What are mallophaga?

Answer 15

chewing/biting lice
Head wider than thorax

Question 16

What are anoplura’s?

Answer 16

sucking lice (head narrower than thorax)

Question 17

What is the life cycle of lice? how long does it need to complete in cattle?

Answer 17

Adults on host feeding
Eggs or nits, on host
Nymphs on host feeding

Can take 3-4 weeks for cattle lice to mature

Question 18

What are characteristics of fleas

Answer 18

laterally flattened, six legs, not host specific. How long until its complete?

Question 19

What is the life cycle of fleas?

Answer 19

adults on host, blood feed
Eggs in enviro
larvae in enviro
Pupae in enviro
<3 wks to complete

Question 20

What are some examples of nematoceras?

Answer 20

mosquitos, blackflies, midges

Question 21

What are some examples of brachyceras

Answer 21

horseflies, deer flies

Question 22

What are some examples of cyclorhaphas?

Answer 22

faceflies, horn flies, botflies

Question 23

How might arthropods harm their human hosts?

Answer 23

Annoyance - dec feeding, sleep and poor haircouat
bloodloss - lice can drop a pcv to <10%
Prod venoms/toxins - tick paralysis(ascending flaccid paralysis, spider bites
Dermatosis - manage mites
Myasis (infection of the flesh of living anims w/ fly larvae - cattle warbles
allergic reactions - flea dermatitis, dust mites, anaphylaxis from death of warbles in cattle
Vector for dz agents
mechanical vectors (transport hosts) - flies carry trypanosomes
Biological vectors (intermediate hosts - mosquitos carry heartworl, fleas carry dipylidium canium)

Question 24

How do we diagnose arthropods

Answer 24

fiding adults of immature stages and identifying them (as best one can)
sometimes symptoms, sometimes test treatments

Question 25

what is a protozoa

Answer 25

A single-celled, eukaryotic organism
approx 64k species described of which only about 7k are parasitic to animals. The rest are free-living

Question 26

How are protozoans detected?

Answer 26

thru blood samples - hemoprotozoa, found in the erythrocytes within a stained blood smear, ticks and blood sucking insects often serve as thee IH and transmit RBC’s containing the hemoprotozoa. Can also find Ag’s or Ab’s in blood samples
Fecal samples - intestinal protozoa
Tissue samples

Question 27

What 3 locomotor organelles do protozoa have that we can identify the type of protozoa

Answer 27

Flagella, cilia, and pseudopods “false feet”

Question 28

What is a protozoan’s flagella?

Answer 28

A long, whiplike structure
single or multiple
flagellates Trichomonads, Leishmania, Giardia
Sometimes the flagellum passes backwards along the cell, jained at a few or several points and is thus termed an undulating membrane (genus trypanosoma)

Question 29

What is a protozoans cilia?

Answer 29

short flagella, usually arranged in rows or tufts
typically found in various arrangements around the mouth and/or oral groove of the ciliates such as balantidium coli and ichthyophthirius multifilis

Question 30

What is a protozoan’s pseudopods?

Answer 30

false feed
temporary extensions and retractions of the body wall to surround potential food particles or for movement
typical of amoebas such as entamoeba histolytica

Question 31

What is a zoite in terms of protozoa?

Answer 31

body = zoite
sporozoite, bradyzoite, tachyzoite

Question 32

What is trophozoite?

Answer 32

the stage of the protozoan life cycle that is capable of feeding, movement and repro; often too fragile to survive transfer to a new host

Question 33

At what protozoan stage does transmission to a new host occur?

Answer 33

Cyst stage or oocyst stage
most metabolic funct are suspended when the parasite is encysted
cyst wall prevents desiccation and protects it from other enviro damage

Question 34

What are important flagellates of vet med?

Answer 34

mucosoflagellates - direct life cycles - Ex giardia
Haemoflagellates - arthropod-transmitted - Ex trypansoma

Question 35

What are important ciliates of vet med

Answer 35

direct life cyles ex balantidium coli

Question 36

What are important sporozoa/apicomplexans in vet med?

Answer 36

coccidia - direct life cycles (GIT) - EX Eimeria
- indirect life cycles (tissue cysts) ex toxoplasma
Haemosporidia - Arthropod transmitted (babesia)

Question 37

What are important amoebae in vet med

Answer 37

direct life cycles ex naegleria fowlerii

Question 38

What are protozoan ciliates?

Answer 38

direct life cycle, asexual repro by binary fission
Ex. balantidium coli in swine and ichthyophthirius multifiliis in fish

Question 39

Which of these three mucosoflagellates have a direct life cycle and an indirect life cycle?

Answer 39

Giardia spp. (D)
Tritrichomonas spp. (D)
Histomonas (I)

Question 40

What problems or symptoms are because of protozoal infections?

Answer 40

diarrhea, fevers and flu-like symptoms, neurological signs, abortions, skin lesions

Question 41

How do we diagnose protozoa?

Answer 41

apearance on fecal smear/flotation
immunoflurorescent tests
immunohistochemistry
serology
Molecular detection and identification
Fecal smears are simple, quick and low sensitivity but false neg’s common

Question 42

What are fecal smears good to detech for protozoans?

Answer 42

trophozoits and cysts

Question 43

What are fecal floats good for to diagnose for protozoans?

Answer 43

Oocysts (coccidia, sarcocytes)