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Aural Rehab - EXAM 1 > 3 + 4: Acoustics of Speech and Speech Testing > Flashcards

3 + 4: Acoustics of Speech and Speech Testing Flashcards

1
Q

In general, what do people care about hearing most

A

Speech

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2
Q

What is the frequency range of the speech signal?

A

100-10,000 Hz

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3
Q

True or False: speech signals aren’t consistent from speaker to speaker, but each persons signal is consistent.

A

False, speech signals aren’t consistent, even from the same speaker

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4
Q

Most speech energy is located below ____ - _____ Hz primarily due to what two things?

A

500-1000 Hz

1) fundamental frequency of the voice
2) vowel formants

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5
Q

Why doesn’t the entire frequency range need to be understood?

A

Redundancy of speech

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6
Q

the phrase “those shoes” is an example of what? How?

A

Redundancy of speech, indicates a plural two times

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7
Q

What piece of technology doesn’t transmit the full frequency range?

A

Telephones

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8
Q

What is the widely accepted/produced range of frequencies for HAs?

A

200-6000 Hz

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9
Q

Why don’t HAs typically need to have the full frequency range?

A

In most HA users the upper frequencies that are emitted are useless to them anyways due to advanced damage to the basal end of the cochlea

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10
Q

Intensity changes of the speech signal are depended on ___________ of the ______ vs. the _________

A

Frequencies
Vowels
Consonants

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11
Q

Vowels have _______ frequencies and consonants have ________ frequencies

A

Lower

Higher

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12
Q

What is the range of intensities of a speech signal, from shouting to whispering?

A 
Shouting = 65 dB HL (85 dB SPL)
Whispering = 25 dB HL (45 dB SPL)
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13
Q

There are rapid ________ changes over time in the speech signal

A

Intensity

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14
Q

The dynamic range of the speech signal is ____ dB

A

40 dB

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15
Q

We have averages for conversational speech signals, but what are two factors that might change those numbers?

A

1) male vs. female

2) environmental/situational changes

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16
Q

On the long-term speech spectrum above ____ Hz, the spectrum envelope decreases ___ dB/octave

A

500 Hz

9 dB

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17
Q

Why is the sloping nature of the long-term speech spectrum problematic?

A

The sounds produced at lower levels, which are mainly consonants that contain the majority of speech information, are the ones that also are the most affected by the majority of hearing losses

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18
Q

What are the two short-term speech characteristics?

A

1) segmental frequency information

2) vowels

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19
Q

What part of speech in the primary energy source?

A

Vowels

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20
Q

Where is vowel energy contained?

A

Formants

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21
Q

What are formants?

A

Resonant frequencies of the vocal tract

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22
Q

All vowels have an F1 below ______ Hz

A

1000

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23
Q

Several vowels have similar ___ which can be confusing if ___ is not _______

A

F1
F2
Audible

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24
Q

Positive vowel identification of all vowels requires hearing up to at least ______-______ Hz

A

2500-3000 Hz

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25
Q

_______ contain the intelligibility for speech but dont contain the power that ______ do

A

Consonants

Vowels

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26
Q

The frequency range of 62-1000 Hz has ___% of the power, but __% of intelligibility

A

95, 5

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27
Q

The frequency range 1000-8000 Hz has __% of the power, but ___% of intelligibility

A

5, 95

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28
Q

HI individuals use the same ______ ___ to speech perception as everyone else, so there is __ _________ if they can’t access them.

A

Acoustic cues

No substitute

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29
Q

The highest statistical correlation is found between pure-tone thresholds and an individuals speech perception ability as _____ Hz

A

2000

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30
Q

Patients with limited high frequency hearing will have difficulty making _____ distinctions

A

Place

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31
Q

Place of articulation is most susceptible to the effects of __________ hearing loss

A

Sensorineural

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32
Q

Place of articulation with losses ______ than ___ dB HL even with ___________

A

Greater
90
Amplification

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33
Q

Patients with low frequency hearing loss should have no trouble with ________ distinctions when they have proper _________

A

Voicing

Amplification

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34
Q

Perception of voicing, manner, and prosody is possibly for persons with losses greater than ___ dB with ___________

A

90

Amplification

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35
Q

The overall intensity at which people speak varies as a function of the ________ _____

A

Background noise

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36
Q

People speak at ___ dB SPL for noise levels up to 45 dB SPL

A

55

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37
Q

Favorable speech noise ratio of +/- ___ will exist

A

+10

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38
Q

Individuals with HL will do well at _____ SNR if the speech spectrum is made audible with HAs

A

+10

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39
Q

What does + 10 SNR mean?

A

the signal is 10 dB greater than the noise

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40
Q

What SNR do humans usually speak at up to noise at what dB SPL?

A

+10 SNR

45 dB SPL

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41
Q

As SNR (decreases/increases) difficulty (decreases/increases)

A

Decreases

Increases

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42
Q

When background noise becomes more _____, talkers _____ thier voices _________

A

Intense

Raise their voices disproportionately

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43
Q

In what type of quiet environment are ____ to _________ losses with aids able to have little difficulty?

A

Mild to moderate

+10 SNR

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44
Q

When background noise is ___ avg speech is what in dB and what SNR?.

  • 55 dB
  • 65 dB
  • 75 dB
A
  • 61 dB (+6)
  • 68 dB (+3)
  • 0 or worse SNR
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45
Q

The amount of reflection of sound is dependent upon ____ and _________ of surfaces

A

Size

Absorption

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46
Q

What is the definition of reverberation time?

A

Time it takes for the SPL to decrease 60 dB after a steady-state sounds tops

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47
Q

A longer RT means more ____

A

Echo

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48
Q

Too much reverberation can do what to speech?

A

Make it less intelligible

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49
Q

How does reverberation make speech less intelligible?

A

Reflections “time smearing” the speech pattern

50
Q

More soft or absorbent surfaces mean a _____ or ______ RT

A

Lower

Better

51
Q

Is a gym a good or bad listening environment and why?

A

Bad, very reverberant, not a lot of soft or absorbent surfaces

52
Q

What are the 5 abilities that normally hearing people have that allow them to understand speech in adverse conditions?

A

1) discriminate small changes in intensity, frequency, and timing
2) separate the frequency components
3) hear speech at normal loudness levels
4) integrate sound energy over time
5) localize the source

53
Q

Even with amp, what are 4 factors that deprive a hearing impaired listener of acoustic cues?

A

1) upward spread of masking
2) temporal masking
3) tolerance problems
4) discrimination ability

54
Q

HL is not just a loss of sensitivity!

A

THIS WAS JUST A PSA!

55
Q

Pure tone audiogram cannot predict what?

A

The degree of communication deficit caused by a hearing loss

56
Q

What is the most important signal we hear?

A

Speech

57
Q

Two people with the same audiogram may have very different what?

A

Speech perception abilities

58
Q

The greatest complaints with HL are about what?

A

Inability to hear/understand speech

59
Q

What test gives a better real world view of a clients communication performance?

A

Speech audiometry

60
Q

Which audiometry can be more sensitive to auditory problems?

A

Speech (over pure tone)

61
Q

Speech audiometry can be an _______ check of pure-tone results

A

Accuracy

62
Q

Sometimes _____ _________ may be the only way to assess auditory function. Give examples.

A

Speech audiometry

Children, cognitive disabilities, etc.

63
Q

Results from speech audiometry can help plan what?

A

Intervention and counseling strategies

64
Q

Functional hearing test results can help answer what 4 questions?

A

1) how clear is conversational speech
2) what level is required for audibility and intelligibility?
3) which sounds are inaudible in which conditions?
4) which sounds are audible with amplification?

65
Q

What are not great tools for explaining HL to patients/families/laypeople?

A

Regular audiograms

66
Q

What are 11 benefits of speech testing?

A

1) determine need for amp
2) compare aided and unaided listening
3) compare devices
4) demonstrate the hearing problem
5) demonstrate benefits of visual speech cues
6) demonstrate background noise effects
7) assess longitudinal performance
8) determine need for auditory/speechreading training
9) determine placement with training curriculum
10) evaluate appropriate educational placement
11) determine if desired benefit is achieved

67
Q

What are the 4 levels of auditory processing?

A

1) detection/awareness
2) discrimination
3) recognition/identification
4) comprehension

68
Q

Which level of auditory processing is determining the presence or absence of sound?

A

1) detection/awareness

69
Q

Which level of auditory processing is hearing the change in physical attribute of a sound?

A

2) discrimination

70
Q

Which level of auditory processing is attaching a label to the stimulus?

A

3) recognition/identification

71
Q

Which level of auditory processing is attaching meaning to the stimulus?

A

4) Comprehension

72
Q

Traditional pure tone audiometry looks only at which level of auditory processing?

A

1) detection

73
Q

Which 2 routine speech tests are designed to look at recognition?

A

1) SRT

2) WRS

74
Q

Two people with the same audiogram usually have differing ____ _________ capabilities, which means they may have different __________ and __________ plans

A

Speech processing
Diagnoses
Rehab plans

75
Q

To do speech testing you need to know that the client will ___ and ________ the ____ they will be testing with, so when selecting testing material consider at least these 4 factors:

A 
Know and understand
Words
1) age
2) purpose of eval
3) recent brain injury?
4) non-native speaker?
76
Q

In speech testing the client is expected to give some _______ to the speech stimuli, such as one of the following 3:

A

Response

1) verbal (repeat words)
2) written
3) gestural (point at a picture)

77
Q

How does the clinician determine what the most appropriate method of testing is?

A

Determine the clients verbal abilities

78
Q

Thresholds for speech helps to determine the degree of _________ _____ for ______

A

Hearing loss

Speech

79
Q

A clients pure tone thresholds can be compared to what to help confirm it?n

A

Speech thresholds

80
Q

What is the speech detection threshold?

A

The minimum hearing level for speech at which an individual can just discern the presence of speech material 50% of the time

81
Q

The speech detection threshold is also called:

A

Speech awareness threshold (SAT)

82
Q

Is a speech detection threshold part of a standard audio metric battery?

A

No, it sometimes has to be used if the client cant repeat speech/point to pictures

83
Q

What information does a speech detection threshold test give us and not give us?

A

It gives us knowledge of whether a client is aware of speech, but not if they comprehend it

84
Q

Is a speech reception threshold test used regularly or not?

A

Used regularly

85
Q

What is the purpose of speech threshold testing?

A

To quantify an individuals hearing threshold level for speech and verify the pure tone audiogram

86
Q

A persons speech reception threshold should general be within ___ dB of their PTA, or in sloping/rising loses the SRT will more closely correspond to a __ frequency ______ using the best of ____, ______, and ______ Hz

A

10
2
500, 1000, 2000

87
Q

Disagreement between the SRT and PTA is an indicator of what 5 possible things?

A

1) pseudohypacusis (malingering)
2) equipment malfunction
3) misunderstanding of instructions
4) development level of client
5) presence of a higher level cognitive and/or language disorder

88
Q

What is a spondee?

A

A 2 syllable word with equal stress

89
Q

What are 3 reasons we use sponsees in speech testing?

A

1) easy to recognize
2) can be guessed with great accuracy and with only a little audible acoustic info present
3) highly redundant

90
Q

What 4 criteria do sponsees selected for speech testing need to meet?

A

1) familiarity
2) phonetic dissimilarity
3) normal sampling of English speech sounds
4) homogeneity with respect to basic audibility

91
Q

Spondees used for children are all easily ________

A

Pictured

92
Q

Word recognition testing is designed to evaluate what?

A

A clients understanding of speech stimuli

93
Q

Word Recognition Score has replaced what previous test? Why?

A

Speech discrimination score

It’s not a speech discrimination test

94
Q

Speech testing must be what two things?

A

1) valid

2) reliable

95
Q

What is Validity?

A

Measures what it is supposed to

96
Q

What is reliability?

A

When a test is repeated it yields the same/similar results

97
Q

The WRS helps determine extent of ____-________ difficulty, and aids in diagnosis of ____ of ________ and need for/selection of ______________ ________, and helps o predict _________ after ___

A

Word-recognition
Site of lesion
Amplification systems
Prognosis after AR

98
Q

During WRS patients are presented with _____________ stimuli to reveal clients ability to distinguish subtle ________ cues in words

A

Monosyllabic

Acoustic

99
Q

WRS includes ___ (of half list of ___) words, presented at ___-___ dB SL above the patients ____

A

50 (25)
30-40 dB SPL
SRT

100
Q

Monitored live voice versus recorded voice: intelligibility is affected by what 2 things?

A

1) presentation style of different speakers

2) intra-talker variability

101
Q

What are the 2 main categories of speech style?

A

1) conversational style

2) clear speech

102
Q

Which has increased variability, MLV or recorded speech?

A

MLV

103
Q

How should WRS be tested?

A

In adverse situations, aka in noise

104
Q

Hearing impaired individuals have a _________ loss plus a ______/_____ _____ loss, and need about __ dB more to achieve 50% correct performance level in babble

A

Sensitivity
Signal/noise ratio
8

105
Q

Sentence tests are usually done in _____, not ____

A

Noise

Quiet

106
Q

What are 3 advantages of sentence testing

A

1) can test multiple target words faster
2) helps maintain natural speech presentation
3) suprasegmental speech aspects are maintained

107
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of sentence tests?

A

1) requires higher level cognitive skills

2) working memory

108
Q

Speech audiometry helps in ___________ diagnosis

A

Differential

109
Q

Speech audiometry can recognize a specific ________ or the ____ of _______

A

Pathology

Site of legion

110
Q

Speech audiometry is done at various ________ levels to look for _______

A

Intensity

Rollover

111
Q

A clients ______ ___________ can be compared to others with similar hearing loss

A

Speech audiometry

112
Q

Speech audiometry can be used to compare performance between ____

A

Ears

113
Q

Speech audiometry is useful for hearing aid fittings because we need to know how much of the _____ spectrum will “___” in the users _______ _____

A

Speech
Fit
Dynamic range

114
Q

We can do live ____-______ with modern hearing aid analyzing systems to document increases in _________ with the _______ ____ __

A

Speech-mapping
Audibility
Hearing aids in

115
Q

Current speech tests are not always sensitive to differences that what can make in what?

A

Modern hearing aids

Speech perception

116
Q

___ testing doesn’t show differences in ____ versus ____ ________ ___, but it should show in ____ testing

A

WRS
Old vs. new hearing aids
SRT

117
Q

What are the 7 sounds in the ling tests?

A

1) /m/
2) /u/
3) /o/
4) /a/
5) /i/
6) /sh/
7) /s/

118
Q

The ling test is a speech __________ task

A

Detection

119
Q

What is the main use of the ling test?

A

Hearing aid function check

120
Q

The ling test is _______ spoken to a child at a normal ___________ level, and then the child is asked to respond with what?

A

Phonemes
Conversational
Whether they heard the phoneme or not

121
Q

Is the ling test standardized?

A

No, just an informal check

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