1: Introduction to AR Flashcards
AR can be defined as all of the services that help an individual ________ or _________ the challenges associated with a ________ ____
Minimize or overcome
Hearing loss
AR definition: attempt to reduce the barriers to _____________ that result from ______ ____ and facilitate adjustment to the ________, ______, ___________, and __________ impacts
Communication
Hearing loss
Emotional, social, educational, and occupational
AR is a _______ approach
Holistic
Name 6 examples of what might be a part of AR?
1) assessment of HL and communication difficulties
2) selecting/fitting hearing devices
3) communication, speech reading, auditory training
4) speech, language, and literacy training
5) classroom or workplace management
6) counseling
What are the three terms that could be used for AR?
1) audiologic rehabilitation
2) aural rehabilitation
3) rehabilitative audiology
What is the distinction between rehabilitation and habilitation
Habilitation is used for those born with a hearing loss/never had access to sound/spoken language before, and rehabilitation is for other, but rehabilitation is generally used to apply to both groups
What are the two professionals most involved in AR? What are 5 examples of others who may be involved?
MOST INVOLVED: 1) AUDs 2) SLPs OTHERS: 1) deaf educators 2) vocational counselors 3) social workers 4) psychologists 5) physicians
What amount and percent of the US population have permanent, significant HL?
32 million
~10%
What amount and percent of the US population are deaf?
1 million
~1%
How many US children are deaf or HoH?
3 million
1 in __ people over age 65 have decreased hearing
3
What 2 factors have increased the demand for AR in children
1) earlier/more identification of HL
2) better tech and services means higher survival rates of infants whose conditions make them higher risk for HL
What are 2 factors that have increased the demand for AR in adults?
1) people are living longer
2) less stigma of HL/HAs
Support services like AR and others reduce costs for what three others?
1) education
2) medication
3) other support services
What are the two processes used to assess effectiveness of diagnostic procedures?
1) evidence-based practice
2) clinical decision analysis/information theory analysis
What is the integration of the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values called?
Evidence-based practice
What measures test validity based on mathematical principles and allows for interpretation of results when uncertainty exists?
Clinical decision analysis/information theory analysis
We need to make sure aural rehab practices are based on _________________ rather than _________________.
Sound, research evidence
Tradition/expert opinion
The best evidence comes from studies involving ________ _________ _____
Randomized controlled trials
What is it called when you compare behaviors of patients who have randomly assigned to receive a particular treatment or receive no treatment and measure dependent variables effect on the independent variable being measured
Randomized controlled
What are the four possible outcomes of any diagnostic test?
1) hit
2) miss
3) false positive
4) correct rejection
Diagnostic outcome: the client fails the test when they have a particular condition
Hit
Diagnostic outcome: the client passes the test when they have a particular condition
Miss
Diagnostic outcome: the client fails the test when they do not have a particular condition
False positive
The client passes the test when they do not have a particular condition
Correct rejection
Which two diagnostic outcomes do we want?
1) hit
2) correct rejection
Which two diagnostic outcomes do we not want?
1) miss
2) false positive
What are the four measures of a diagnostic test?
1) sensitivity
2) specificity
3) false-positive rate
4) false-negative rate
What is the true positive rate or hit rate?
When a test accurately identifies a person with a particular condition
What does sensitivity refer to?
The true positive or hit rate (correctly identifies presence of condition)
If it is known that a client has a particular condition, the chance that the test will show the client has the condition is called what?
Sensitivity
If you take hits divided by (hits plus misses) what do you calculate?
Sensitivity
What is the true negative or correct rejection rate?
Tests accuracy in rejecting individuals without a particular condition
What does specificity refer to?
The true negative rate or correct rejection rate
If it is known that a client does not have a particular condition, the chance that the test will show the client does not have the condition?
Specificity
If you take correct rejection divided by (correct rejection plus false-positive)
Specificity
The false positive rate is an _____ rate
Error
When a client does not have a particular condition, the chance that the test will incorrectly indicate that the client does have the condition is called?
False positive rate
False-positive divided by (false-positive plus correct rejection) equals ?
False positive rate
The false negative rate is an ______ rate
Error
When a client does have a particular condition, the chance that the test will incorrectly indicate that the client does not have the condition is called?
False negative rate
The false-negative or misses divided by (hits plus misses) equals?
False negative rate
Which two measures of a diagnostic test do we want to be as high as possible?
1) sensitivity
2) specificity
Which two measure of a diagnostic test do we want to be as low as possible?
1) false-negative
2) false-positive
What term is now used instead of handicap?
Disability
The international classification of functioning, disability, and health standardized what?
Language and framework in describing functioning and health in all health fields
Under the ICF framework a health condition/disorder can be described in what 3 dimensions?
1) impairment
2) activities
3) participation
Dimension: structure and function
Impairment
Dimension: activity limitation/disability
Activities
Dimension: participation restriction/handicap
Participation
What are the two parts of functioning and disability in the organization of the ICF?
1) body functions and structures
2) activity/participation
What are the two parts of contextual factors in the organization of the ICF?
1) environmental factors
2) personal factors
What’s the difference between body functions and structures?
Functions are the physiological functions of body systems and structures are the anatomical parts of the body and their components
The primary consequence of impairment of hearing structures/functions is typically:
Problems with communication
When the structures and functions of hearing are impaired, what dimension is this? It’s called the ________ __________ or ________
Activity limitation or disability
The secondary consequences of hearing impairment are restrictions in:
Social, emotional, educational, and vocational areas
The secondary consequences of hearing impairment are the ____________ ___________ or _________
Participation restrictions or handicap
How can activity limitations and participation restrictions be determined?
Communication questionnaires completed by the HL individuals and/or family/loved ones
Name examples of factors that influence participation restrictions:
- amount of parental stimulation
- quality of parental stimulation
- innate intelligence
- age on onset of hearing loss
- age of identification of hearing loss
- personality factors
- health conditions at home
- other medical conditions
- socioeconomic status
Which contextual factor includes the physical, social, and attitudinal parts of peoples lives
Environmental factors
Which factor includes the internal influences on an individuals functioning and disability that aren’t a part of the health condition?
Personal factors
What are 5 possible personal factors?
1) age
2) gender
3) social background
4) profession
5) culture
What are the two major components of an AR model?
1) CORE - assessment
2) CARE - management
What does CORE stand for?
C - communication status: impairments and activity limitations
O: overall participation variables
R: related personal factors
E: environmental factors
What does CARE stand for?
C: counseling and psychosocial
A: audibility and impairment
R: remediate communication activity
E:environmental/coordination/participation improvement
