3/22 UWORLD test # 59 Flashcards
Q 1. How does confidence interval indicate statistical significance for each
- confidence interval for mean between groups
- confidence interval for relative risk or odds ratio between groups
- mean
: If confidence interval crosses 0 ( negative to positive)
=> statistically NOT significant
=> No difference (null hypothesis accepted) - relative risk or odds ratio
: If relative risk/odds ratio crosses 1
=> statistically NOT significant
=> No difference (null hypothesis accepted)
Q 3. heteroplasmy vs. expression variability
heteroplasmy
: variability of clinical presentations in MITOCHONDRIAL disease
expression variability
: variability of clinical presentations due to differential expression in AUTOSOMAL disease
Q 5. Pathophysiology of Guillain-Barre syndrome?
autoimmune
campy infection -> antibody -> autoimmune attack of peripheral myelin due to MOLECULAR MIMICRY
Q 6. What artery will have the lowest oxygen content? why?
coronary sinus
myocardium oxygen demand is really high, resulting in high degree of oxygen extraction from coronary artery
Q 7. Define granulation
Healing process
angiogenesis and deposition of connective tissue
Q 7. What is Asheman syndrome? What would happen progesterone withdrawal test for patient with this disease?
Asherman syndrome: endometrium tissue is replace with scar tissue
=> normally proesterone withdrawal test will lead to bleeding due to endometrium shedding, but Asherman syndrome patients will not bleed.
Q 9. Which brain lobe is responsible for executive function and personality?
frontal lobe
Q 9. In terms of changed personality due to fontal lobe injury, how injury at each site shows difference
- right frontal lobe
- left frontal lobe
- Right
: disinhibition - Left
: apathy, depression - Right is my dominant hand, so it is tougher (disinhibition) than left (apathy, depression- kinda weak)
Q 10. Injury to lateral epicondyle impairs which hand motion?
wrist extension
- extensors (extensor carpi radialis brevis & extensor digitorum) are attached to lateral epicondyle
Q 11. anatomy: Through course of aorta
(ascending aorta-> aortic arch -> descending aorta), what is order of three major artery branches?
- Which branch is in close proximity to
- Which branch is in close proximity to
brachiocephalic -> common carotid -> left subclavian
- ascending aorta dissection: brachiocephalic
- descending aorta dissection: left subclavian
Q 12. Describe manifestations for each
- primary syphilis (1)
- secondary syphilis (2)
- tertiary syphilis (4)
- congenital syphilis (5)
- primary: chancre, painless erosion
- secondary: condylomata lata,
- tertiary
1. gumma
2. Argyll Robertson pupil (accomodation, but no light reflex)
3. aortic aneurysm or aortitis (chest X-ray: calcification)
4. tabes dorsalis (entire dorsal column) - congenital
1. notching teeth
2. rhagades (scars at angle of mouth)
3. bowing tibia (saber shins)
4. mulberry molars
5. saddle nose
Q 14. lung mass in CT with elevated alpha-fetoprotein. What is diagnosis?
hepatocellular carcinoma
Q 14. For people with chronic HepB, what triggers development of neoplasm in hepatocellular carcinoma?
integration of viral DNA into genome
Q 15. What is gross appearance of liver in Dubin-Johnson syndrome? why?
impaired excretion of epinephrine metabolites. They accumulate within lysosome as black dots
Q 16. What is pathophysiolgy of spider angioma in liver cirrhosis?
increased estrogen
=> this is same mechanism as gynecomastia in liver cirrhosis
Q 16. What is another word for strawberry hemangioma?
superficial hemangioma
- baby no very superficial about world. so superficial
Q 17. Uterine contraction is mediated by what autonomic system? what about uterine dilation?
uterine contraction: alpha
uterine dilation: beta 2
NO PARASYMPATHETIC innervation for UTERINE
Q 18. Wilson disease
- which gene, what chromosome
- ceruloplasmin level
- complications (3)
- treatment (3)
- ATP7B, chromosome 13
- low ceruloplasmin level
- neurologic (parkinsonism- damage to basal ganglia), renal (Fanconi), liver disease
- treated with penicillamine, trientine, oral zinc
Q 20. DKA vs. insulin supplementation: how does extracellular and intracellular potassium level affected?
DKA: more acid extracellular
=> more proton move intracellularly via H+/K+ exchanger
=> hyperkalemia
Insulin: hypokalemia
* remember sketchy: eaten banana
Q 22. What are cephalosporin resistant organisms (4)?
remember mnemonic?
LAME Listeria Atypical (mycoplasma, chlamydia) MRSA Enterococci
Q 23. How is statin metabolized?
hepatic metabolism, CYP-450
Q 23. Name 8 drugs that enhance CYP450 activity
remember mnemonic?
CHRONIC ALCHOL STeal PHEN-PHEN NEver Refuse GReasy CARBs
- chronic alcohol
- St. John’s wart
- phenobarbitol
- phenytoin
- nevirapine (anti-HIV, NNRTI)
- rifampin
- griseofulvin (anti-fungal)
- carbamazapine
Q 25. Mallory-Weiss syndrome
- etiology
- associations
- mucosa lacerations @ gastroesophageal junction
Q 26. lesion in hippocampus may lead to impairment of what brain function
anterograde amnesia: impaired learning
anterograde: new
