3/19 UWORLD test # 54 Flashcards
Q 1. what is 95% confidence for whole population? what about sample size of n? what about 99%?
95% confidence interval
- whole population: mean +/- 1.96 SD
- sample size n: mean +/- 1.96 SD/(square root n)
99% confidence interval
- whole population: mean +/- 2.58 SD
- sample size n: mean +/- 2.58 SD/ (square root n)
Q 2 What is difference between chronic transplant rejection vs. graft-versus- host response?
chronic transplant rejection: recipient T cell attacking donor’s organ
=> necrosis LIMITED to donor’s oran
graft- versus-host response: donor T cell attacking host organs -> would see diffuse destruction THROUGHOUT recipient’s body
Q 4. Pathophysiology of diabetic optic neuritis?
nerve ischemia
thick sugar blocks blood supply
Q 8. Accumulation of what compound causes infantile cataracts in impaired galactose metabolism?
galactokinase deficiency
classic galactosemia
Q 9. Menopause
- diagnostic criteria
- pathophysiology
- changes in hormones (3)
- symptoms (6) (hint: remember pneumonic?)
- amenorrhea for 1 yr
- age related degeneration of ovarian follicles
- really high FSH, high LH, high GnRH
: hormones increased to stimulate non-responsive (or very few responding) follicles
- HAVOCS H: hotflashes A: atropy of vagina, amenorrhea V: vaginal dryness O: osteoporosis C: coronary artery disease- estrogen increases HDL, lowers LDL S: sleep disturbance
Q 9. Hot flashes is caused by what hormonal change?
low estrogen
Q 9. Apart from hot flashes, another sign of hypoestrogenic state?
vaginal dryness
Q 10. Extreme hypertension (diastolic pressure higher than 120), what vascular pathology is associated with it?
histologic finding?
hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
onion-like concentric thickening of walls of arterioles
Q 11. testicular mass with hyperthyroidism. what tumor is this? what is marker?
choriocarcinoma
beta-HCG
Q 12. Signs of aseptic menigitis
- physical exam findings (2)
- CSF analysis
nuchal rigidity
NORMAL TEMPERATURE
CSF analysis
- high/normal protein
- NORMAL GLUCOSE
- increased LYMPHOCYTES
Q 12. most common infectious organism for aseptic meningitis?
enterovirus
Q 12. Name three enteroviruses
RNA/DNA? naked/enveloped?
- coxsackie virus
- polio
- Echo
positive single strand RNA, naked
Q 13. two branches of artery that eventually becomes retinal artery?
internal carotid -> opthalmic -> retinal
Q 14. What each ovarian vein drains into?
- Right ovarian vein
- left ovarian vein
- R ovarian vein: IVC
- L ovarian vein: renal vein
- This is exactly same with testicular vein
=> why left varicocele is much more common on left side
Q 15. tumor lysis syndrome: what kidney stone may form?
which part of nephron? why?
uric acid
collecting duct, due to acidic urine
Q 16. patient unconscious, no advance directive on file. who is in charge of making decision?
family member. usually spouse
Q 18. community acquired pneumonia: what makes sputum green color?
neutrophil myeloperoxidase
=> makes pus green color
Q 19. What is retinol? what skin conditions (2) can it be used for treatment? why?
- vitamin A derivative
- acne and wrinkle
- vitamin A acts as transcription factor. It down regulates keratin/ sebum synthesis
- vitamin A, Acne
Q 19. women considering isotretinon therapy for acne. what test should be performed in advance before medication initiation?
beta-HCG
pregnancy test should be performed in advance as retinol is teratogenic
Four teratogenic effects of isotretinon
- microcephaly
- hydrocephalus
- thymic hypoplasia
- small ears
Q 21. strongyloids stercoralis infection: what finding in stool?
rhabditiform larvae in stool
Q 23. 5 symptoms of PICA stroke
- horseness
- dysphagia
- horner (ptosis, myosis)
- loss of facial and body temp/pain sensation (vs. AICA, which is facial drop)
- ataxia/dysmetria
- note: examiners can be bitchy and may not present classic hoarsness/dyphagia in question
Q 25. pathophysiology of exopthalmos? what medication is indicated?
TSI (thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin) binds to its receptor at retro-orbital space
-> activation of T cell -> cytokines -> activation of fibroblast -> osmotic swelling
- it is inflammatory process. So glucocorticoid can be used to treat it
Q 26. granulosa cell tumor. Describe histologic feature. what hormone does it secret?
microfollicles surrounded by pink, eosinophilic center
granulosa cells secrete estrogen
- SGLT
sertoli- granulossa
Leydig - theca interna
