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Question 1

Wat zijn features van een thical decision

Answer 1

1. Significant effect on others
   – Harms and benefits
2. Moral principles
   – Right/ wrong, justice, fairness
3. Conflict of interests

Question 2

Wat zijn normative theories over ethical decision making

Answer 2

What people should do
* Ethical theories

Question 3

Wat zijn descriptive theories over ethical decision making

Answer 3

What people actually do
Factors that lead to
ethical/ unethical
decisions in innovation
What influences ethical
decision-making

Question 4

Hoe werken descriptive models of ethical decision making

Answer 4

Identify process of decision-making
Identify influences on the process

Question 5

Waaruit bestaat het ethical decision-making process

Answer 5

1: Recognise moral issue
2: Make moral judgement: take a position regarding the moral issue
3: Establish moral intent: Deciding to act/
not to act weighing of considerations
4: Engage in moral behavior: acting upon established intent
First two are knowing the right thing
Lat two are doing the right thing

Question 6

Wat is een bias

Answer 6

Unconscious preference

Question 6

Welke factoren hebben invloed op ethical decision making

Answer 6

Individual factors: characteristics of the individual
Situational factors: features of the context

Question 7

Waaruit bestaat cultural characteristics

Answer 7

Tight cultures
– High social conformity: people rate social norms
– Low Tolerance for Deviance: different behavior not accepted
– Strong Social Order
– Less Individual Freedom
* Loose cultures
– Lower Conformity
– Greater Tolerance for Deviance
– Flexibility and Adaptability
– Greater Individual Freedom

Question 8

What are individual factors

Answer 8

Age, gender
* Education, experience: business student become more selfish during their studies
* Personal values and integrity
* Moral imagination: thinking ahead what might happen and the ethical consequences
* Culture
* Psychological factors: Bias

Question 9

Welke invloeden zijn bias op innovatie

Answer 9

Design Bias
Data Bias
Ethical Blind Spots
Confirmation Bias
Groupthink

Question 10

Wat is design bias

Answer 10

Engineers may unconsciously embed their
own biases into technology, reflecting
those biases in products

Question 11

Wat is een data bias

Answer 11

Biased data can perpetuate and amplify
historical prejudices in machine learning models and decisions

Question 12

Wat zij nethical blind spots

Answer 12

Biases can cause innovators to overlook
potential harms or ethical concerns in their
technology

Question 13

Waaruit bestaat moral intensity

Answer 13

Magnitude of consequences
– Exptected harm and benefits
* Social consensus
– Is there agreement over the ethics of the problem?
* Probability of consequences
– How likely will harm occur?
* Temporal immediacy
– When will consequences occur?
* Proximity
– How near/ far will consequences occur?
– Social, cultural, psychological nearness between decision- maker and impac

Question 13

Wat is confirmation bias

Answer 13

Innovators may seek and interpret information that confirms their preexisting
beliefs or assumptions

Question 13

Wat is groupthink

Answer 13

Homogeneous teams may experience groupthink, limiting diverse perspectives and innovative solutions

Question 14

Wat zijn situational factors

Answer 14

Issue-related:
* Moral intensity
* Moral framing
Context-related:
* Incentives
* Authority
* Organizational culture

Question 15

Wat is moral framing

Answer 15

How a problem is presented
Self driving cars reduces accidents but take jobs from humans

Question 16

Wat zijn incentives (context related)

Answer 16

System of rewards and punishments in
the organization
* Do ethical violations go unnoticed?
* Does ethical behavior go unnoticed and
unrewarded

Question 17

Wat zijn conflicting incentives

Answer 17

Short-term vs. long-term goals
* Market competition vs. ethical standards
* Shareholder interest vs. stakeholder
interest
* Bugdet constraints vs. sustainability

Question 18

Wat is authority (context factor)

Answer 18

Excercice of hierarchical power
Perception matters: what people think they are expected to do
Influence: Superiors can set a good or bad example

Question 19

Wat is een culture (context related)

Answer 19

Organizational culture
– Informal set of shared values, beliefs,
behaviors, and norms
* The “climate” of the company
* Key factor in decision-making

Question 20

Hoe maak je een ethical sterk bedrijf

Answer 20

Make values explicit
* Mission statements
Ethics at the center of attention
Prosocial incentive system
* More than money: people care about
meaningful work, positive impact, respect
Practice what you preach
– Managers as exemplars

Question 21

Wat zijn de voordelen van stakeholder involvement

Answer 21

Helps to broaden horizon
Helps with moral imagination
Ameliorate bias

Question 22

Wat is de name and face approach

Answer 22

Method used to make ethical dilemmas or value conflicts more personal and concrete. Instead of discussing abstract values and principles, this approach brings real people and their interests (names and faces) into the conversation