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Block 4 > 3-1 (SFM) (done perman) > Flashcards

3-1 (SFM) (done perman) Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system consists of “” glands (with or without duct)

A

ductLESS

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2
Q

two categories of receptors

A 
1 intracellular (cytoplasmic or nuclear) 
2 cell surface (G protein coupled receptors or receptor tyrosine kinase)
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3
Q

give example of intracellular receptor

A

steroid hormone receptor

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4
Q

define bound hormone

A

provides a reservoir in that it extends the half life for stable hormone action

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5
Q

free hormone def

A

is available to bind now

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6
Q

hypopituitarism mec and outcome

A

mec - dec pituitary hormone sec

outcome - growth failure (and many others)

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7
Q

female

  • breast
  • menarche
  • pubic hair
  • growth spurt

done to what hormones

A 
breast = estrogen 
menarche = estrogen 
pubic = DHEA-S 
growth = IGF-1
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8
Q

male

  • testicular enlargement
  • penis enlargement
  • pubic hair
  • height
A

test-pituitary gonadotropin
penis-testosterone
pubic-DHEA-S
height-GH

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9
Q

which comes first: testicular or penis enlargement

A

testicular first

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10
Q

adrenal gland function

A

secrete hormones involved in

  • salt balance (aldosterone)
  • glucose metabolism (catecholamine and cortisol)
  • sexual development (adrenal androgen)
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11
Q

give an example of an adrenal androgen

A

DHEA-S

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12
Q

what’s the dif between primary secondary and tertiary in terms of hormone excess or def

A

1 - loss of function of endocrine organ
2 - loss of a factor
3 - loss of function of hypothalamus

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13
Q

regulatory pathway related to high Ca

low Ca

A

high Ca -> thyroid gland releases calcitonin

low Ca -> parathyroid releases PTH, which resorbes/breaks down Ca from bone

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14
Q

steroid basic structure

2 descriptions

A

terpene (hydrocarbon derived from isoprene)

carbon with 4 fused rings

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15
Q

give examples of animal steroid (2)

A

sterol (cholesterol)

bile

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16
Q

steroids prefer aqueous or non-a environ

A

non aqueous

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17
Q

how do you know if the structure is PARENT ring

A

"”ane

ex) androst-ane

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18
Q

what’s the dif bt the active DHT and the inactive form (structure)

A

active = alpha DHT

inactive = beta DHT

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19
Q

how does our body maintain cholesterol levels (diet or synthesis)

A

some thru diet

BUT also cholesterol is synthesized in all tissues

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20
Q

where is cholesterol synthesis high in body

A

liver
adrenal cortex
gonads

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21
Q

cholesterol synthesis occurs in cyto or mito

A

cyto

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22
Q

read: HMG coA synthase is MITO for ketogenesis

A

-

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23
Q

cholesterol synthesis requires
(condensation/precipitation)
(hydrolysis/hydroxylation)

A

condensation

hydroxylation

24
Q

what is the precursor for steroid hormone synthesis

exception

A

cholesterol

vit D

25
how is cholesterol degraded/gotten rid of
cholesterol CANNOT be metabolized to C02, water cholesterol can only be excreted
26
how is cholesterol excreted
excreted in form of bile acid and bile salt
27
bile acids have to be conjugated to what
glycine or taurine
28
steroid hormone synthesis - what's MOST imp enzyme (needed in several pathways)
cytochrome P450 enzymes
29
in the process to convert cholesterol to the various other steroid hormones, does cholesterol go thru SMOOTH or ROUGHT ER
smooth
30
function of StAR protein where is it located
transfers cholesterol from cytosol into IM space; goal is to get it to the IM's P450 cytochrome; cytochrome will transfer cholesterol to MM and in the process, turn it to pregnenolone StAR located in OM
31
men have what chromosome
men = XY
32
read: action of steroid hormones is determined by specificity of the receptors
-
33
action of steroid hormone receptors INVOLVES
1 heat shock proteins (hsp) 2 steroid receptor co-activator (SRC) 3 zinc finger exists on the receptor; allows the receptor to intercalate with DNA
34
what's the source of gluco/mineralo corticoids
adrenal cortex
35
what's the source of progestin
ovary
36
can estrogen be produced by testes
yes
37
which region of he steroid hormone is most poorly conserved
N terminal region
38
why isn't there a lot of room for further stimulation by androgens in men
testosterone at normal [ ] almost completely saturates androgen receptors
39
mec of anabolic steroids
1 fully saturates androgen receptors 2 steroid competitively inhibits binding of cortisol to glucocorticoid receptor in muscle; norm cortisol binding stimulates protein break down
40
women chromosome
XX
41
most common rxn catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzyme
mono oxygenase rxn RH + NADPH -> ROH + NADP
42
list out how the DNA is packaged
1) chromatin (histone) 2) nucleosome (basic packaging unit of DNA with 8 histones) 3) chromosome
43
when does the most compact chromosomes form
during mitosis
44
what is euchromatin
loosely packed chromatin that is transcriptionally ACTIVE read: heterochromatin is highly condensed; inactive DNA
45
give me the #s of how many chromosomes we have
``` 23 chromosomes (22 autosome and 1 sex chromosome) ``` 2 copies of each chromosomes making 46 total
46
What does N signify
N is the number of chromosomes (look at how many centromeres)
47
1N symbolizes 2N symbolizes
1N = haploid 2N = diploid = 46 chromosomes
48
what does C refer to
of chromatids
49
synaptonemal complex forms where
Mei 1: prophase 1: 2nd step out of 6 steps: zygotene (synapsis/homologous chrom line up AND chrom are held together by the complex)
50
genetic recomb/crossover occurs what stage
Mei 1: prophase 1: 3rd out of 6 steps: pachytene
51
what stage occurs in female meiosis ONLY
Mei 1: prophase 1: 5th step out of 6: Dictyotene
52
most error prone stage of meiosis
Anaphase 1
53
for what cell does MEIOSIS occur
gametes
54
when is the first time the tetrad is visible
meiosis 1 - prophase 1 - 6th/last step diakinesis
55
list out the shared phases (mit or mei)
``` 1 prophase 2 pro meta phase 3 metaphase 4 anaphase 5 telophase 6 cytokinesis ```

Block 4 (7 decks)

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