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Block 4 > 3-1 (SFM) (done perman) > Flashcards

3-1 (SFM) (done perman) Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system consists of “” glands (with or without duct)

A

ductLESS

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2
Q

two categories of receptors

A 
1 intracellular (cytoplasmic or nuclear) 
2 cell surface (G protein coupled receptors or receptor tyrosine kinase)
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3
Q

give example of intracellular receptor

A

steroid hormone receptor

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4
Q

define bound hormone

A

provides a reservoir in that it extends the half life for stable hormone action

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5
Q

free hormone def

A

is available to bind now

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6
Q

hypopituitarism mec and outcome

A

mec - dec pituitary hormone sec

outcome - growth failure (and many others)

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7
Q

female

  • breast
  • menarche
  • pubic hair
  • growth spurt

done to what hormones

A 
breast = estrogen 
menarche = estrogen 
pubic = DHEA-S 
growth = IGF-1
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8
Q

male

  • testicular enlargement
  • penis enlargement
  • pubic hair
  • height
A

test-pituitary gonadotropin
penis-testosterone
pubic-DHEA-S
height-GH

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9
Q

which comes first: testicular or penis enlargement

A

testicular first

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10
Q

adrenal gland function

A

secrete hormones involved in

  • salt balance (aldosterone)
  • glucose metabolism (catecholamine and cortisol)
  • sexual development (adrenal androgen)
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11
Q

give an example of an adrenal androgen

A

DHEA-S

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12
Q

what’s the dif between primary secondary and tertiary in terms of hormone excess or def

A

1 - loss of function of endocrine organ
2 - loss of a factor
3 - loss of function of hypothalamus

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13
Q

regulatory pathway related to high Ca

low Ca

A

high Ca -> thyroid gland releases calcitonin

low Ca -> parathyroid releases PTH, which resorbes/breaks down Ca from bone

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14
Q

steroid basic structure

2 descriptions

A

terpene (hydrocarbon derived from isoprene)

carbon with 4 fused rings

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15
Q

give examples of animal steroid (2)

A

sterol (cholesterol)

bile

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16
Q

steroids prefer aqueous or non-a environ

A

non aqueous

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17
Q

how do you know if the structure is PARENT ring

A

"”ane

ex) androst-ane

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18
Q

what’s the dif bt the active DHT and the inactive form (structure)

A

active = alpha DHT

inactive = beta DHT

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19
Q

how does our body maintain cholesterol levels (diet or synthesis)

A

some thru diet

BUT also cholesterol is synthesized in all tissues

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20
Q

where is cholesterol synthesis high in body

A

liver
adrenal cortex
gonads

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21
Q

cholesterol synthesis occurs in cyto or mito

A

cyto

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22
Q

read: HMG coA synthase is MITO for ketogenesis

A

-

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23
Q

cholesterol synthesis requires
(condensation/precipitation)
(hydrolysis/hydroxylation)

A

condensation

hydroxylation

24
Q

what is the precursor for steroid hormone synthesis

exception

A

cholesterol

vit D

25
Q

how is cholesterol degraded/gotten rid of

A

cholesterol CANNOT be metabolized to C02, water

cholesterol can only be excreted

26
Q

how is cholesterol excreted

A

excreted in form of bile acid and bile salt

27
Q

bile acids have to be conjugated to what

A

glycine or taurine

28
Q

steroid hormone synthesis - what’s MOST imp enzyme (needed in several pathways)

A

cytochrome P450 enzymes

29
Q

in the process to convert cholesterol to the various other steroid hormones, does cholesterol go thru SMOOTH or ROUGHT ER

A

smooth

30
Q

function of StAR protein

where is it located

A

transfers cholesterol from cytosol into IM space; goal is to get it to the IM’s P450 cytochrome; cytochrome will transfer cholesterol to MM and in the process, turn it to pregnenolone

StAR located in OM

31
Q

men have what chromosome

A

men = XY

32
Q

read: action of steroid hormones is determined by specificity of the receptors

A

-

33
Q

action of steroid hormone receptors INVOLVES

A

1 heat shock proteins (hsp)
2 steroid receptor co-activator (SRC)
3 zinc finger exists on the receptor; allows the receptor to intercalate with DNA

34
Q

what’s the source of gluco/mineralo corticoids

A

adrenal cortex

35
Q

what’s the source of progestin

A

ovary

36
Q

can estrogen be produced by testes

A

yes

37
Q

which region of he steroid hormone is most poorly conserved

A

N terminal region

38
Q

why isn’t there a lot of room for further stimulation by androgens in men

A

testosterone at normal [ ] almost completely saturates androgen receptors

39
Q

mec of anabolic steroids

A

1 fully saturates androgen receptors
2 steroid competitively inhibits binding of cortisol to glucocorticoid receptor in muscle; norm cortisol binding stimulates protein break down

40
Q

women chromosome

A

XX

41
Q

most common rxn catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzyme

A

mono oxygenase rxn

RH + NADPH -> ROH + NADP

42
Q

list out how the DNA is packaged

A

1) chromatin (histone)
2) nucleosome (basic packaging unit of DNA with 8 histones)
3) chromosome

43
Q

when does the most compact chromosomes form

A

during mitosis

44
Q

what is euchromatin

A

loosely packed chromatin that is transcriptionally ACTIVE

read: heterochromatin is highly condensed; inactive DNA

45
Q

give me the #s of how many chromosomes we have

A 
23 chromosomes 
(22 autosome and 1 sex chromosome)

2 copies of each chromosomes making 46 total

46
Q

What does N signify

A

N is the number of chromosomes (look at how many centromeres)

47
Q

1N symbolizes

2N symbolizes

A

1N = haploid

2N = diploid = 46 chromosomes

48
Q

what does C refer to

A

of chromatids

49
Q

synaptonemal complex forms where

A

Mei 1: prophase 1: 2nd step out of 6 steps: zygotene (synapsis/homologous chrom line up AND chrom are held together by the complex)

50
Q

genetic recomb/crossover occurs what stage

A

Mei 1: prophase 1: 3rd out of 6 steps: pachytene

51
Q

what stage occurs in female meiosis ONLY

A

Mei 1: prophase 1: 5th step out of 6: Dictyotene

52
Q

most error prone stage of meiosis

A

Anaphase 1

53
Q

for what cell does MEIOSIS occur

A

gametes

54
Q

when is the first time the tetrad is visible

A

meiosis 1 - prophase 1 - 6th/last step diakinesis

55
Q

list out the shared phases (mit or mei)

A 
1 prophase 
2 pro meta phase 
3 metaphase 
4 anaphase 
5 telophase 
6 cytokinesis

Block 4 (7 decks)

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