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Block 4 > 1-1 (Histology) (done perman) > Flashcards

1-1 (Histology) (done perman) Flashcards

1
Q

which deaths must be reported to medical examiner for autopsy

A

1 dead on arrival
2 trauma or substance use
3 death within 24 hrs of admission or procedure
4 less than 18 yrs old

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2
Q

list out examples of anatomic pathology

A 
1 surgical (piece of a human, like organ) 
2 cytology (scraping of a human, like a Pap smear)
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3
Q

list of ex of clinical pathology

A 
1 blood bank 
2 microbio (Ca level, Na level, etc)
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4
Q

types of tissue samples

A

1 cytology (least invasive)

2 biopsy (read: looking at cells in their natural environ, so can see the architecture of the body)

3 resection (most invasive)

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5
Q

cytology def

give ex

A

look at cells suspended in fluid

1 body fluid
2 scraping

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6
Q

name the dif kinds of biopsies

rank them in terms of teh SIZE of tissue that is yielded

A 
1 needle core (small) 
2 incisional (big) 
3 endoscopy (bigger) 
4 excisional (biggest)
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7
Q

which biopsy uses a shape descriptor

A

incisional

read: shave, punch

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8
Q

what’s the most common tissue specimen

A

endoscopy biopsy

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9
Q

where are endoscopy biopsies done

A

GI
GU (urinary)
respiratory

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10
Q

what’s the most commonly used fixative

A

10% formalin

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11
Q

uses of formalin

  • prevents bacterial growth
  • keeps tissue moist
  • halts cell degeneration
A

na

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12
Q

give 2 ex of what you take out for an excision/resection

A

1 non essential organ

2 organ with failing function

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13
Q

what’s the purpose of ink

A

tells you where the outside of the organ is

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14
Q

what’s the purpose of placing the sample in the wax machine

A

to make it firmer

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15
Q

formalin makes proteins (verb)

A

cross link

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16
Q

what kind of section is made during a surgery

why

turn around time

con

A

frozen section

why - directs surgeon’s decision

20 min

con
-thick section

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17
Q

what’s the main distinguishing point about immunohistochemistry

A

it is specific

since it uses tagged Ab against antigens

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18
Q

flow cytometry function

A

counts # of CD4 or 8

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19
Q

elastin is shown via what stain

A

Verhoeff

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20
Q

silver stain shows what

A

fungi

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21
Q

hypertrophy results from increased what

hyperplasia results from what

A

trophy - inc demand

plasia - inc stimulation (via hormones)

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22
Q

hyperplasia def

A

increase in cell #

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23
Q

metaplasia def

A

reversible change in differentiation

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24
Q

what can cause metaplasia

A

ciagarette smoking

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25
Q

systemic hypertension will affect heart how

A

left ventricle hypertrophy

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26
Q

what is an example of a muscle that cannot undergo plasia

so has to undergo hypertrophy

A

myocardial muscle

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27
Q

steps of autophagy

A

1 things to be thrown out are placed in autophagic vacuole

2 vacuole fuses with lysosome

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28
Q

when does autophagy occur

A
  • when person is starved
  • immobilized

(leading to atrophy)

29
Q

metaplasia occurs in response to what kind of signal

A

exogenous signal (ie tobacco smoke)

30
Q

example of metaplasia

A
  • occurs in bronchial epithelium
  • chronic smoking will trigger metaplasia
  • norm, columnar to abnorm, stratified squamous
31
Q

why does squamous metaplasia predispose smoker to repeated lung infections

A

squamous epi means cilia is gone

32
Q

% of adult smokers started before age 18

A

90%

33
Q

ER function

A

protein and lipid synthesis

34
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A

protein packaging and sorting

35
Q

cytoskeleton function

A

protein transport

cell shape

36
Q

mitochondria function

A

ATP synthesis

fatty acid oxidation

37
Q

what are the two forms of cell death

are these reversible

which form of death has a reversible stage

A

necrosis
apoptosis

no

rev stage = necrosis

38
Q

reversible types of cell injury

A

1 cloudy swelling/hydropic degeneration

2 fatty change

39
Q

cloudy swelling

  • where
  • mec
A

where - mito and ER

mec - impaired Na/K ion pump -> water and ions accumulate

40
Q

K
Na
Ca
in vs out [ ]

A

k - greater in

na - greater out

ca - greater out

41
Q

ATPase pumps # Na (in/out)

how about K

A

pumps 3 Na out

pumps 2 K in

42
Q

where is fatty change most common (organ)

A

liver

43
Q

cause of fatty change

A

1 drug toxicity (ethanol)

2 obesity and diabetes

44
Q

official term for fatty change

A

steatosis

45
Q

official term for cloudy swelling

A

hydropic degeneration

46
Q

liver makes what kinds of fat and it transports it to other organs in body

how is the lipid transported

A

phospholipid
cholesterol ester
triglycerides

lipid + apoprotein = transported as LIPOPROTEIN

47
Q

mec of fatty change

each mec is linked to a specific scenario

A

1 increased uptake of free fatty acids (obesity)
2 decreased catabolism of free fatty acids by mito (drugs, anoxia, pregnancy)
3 dec secretion of lipoproteins (chem or malnutrition)

48
Q

what is the most common liver disease worldwide

predisposing condition

A

non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

obesity and diabetes

49
Q

sign of cirrhosis in the liver

color
what is colored

A

color - blue

collagen

50
Q

describe the two pathways NAFLD can take

A

80% - isolated fatty liver (no progression to cirrhosis and no inc risk of death)

20% - NASH (non alcoholic steatohepatitis) -> NASH cirrhosis -> liver cancer

51
Q

time line of cell death

A

1-2 hrs after injury - cell death occurs

12 hrs - gross morphologic changes (things that the pathologist can detect via microscope)

52
Q

main dif bt apoptosis and necrosis (2)

A

n - always pathological
n - elicits inflammatory rxn

ap - can be physiological (natural)
ap - not accompanied by inflammation

53
Q

necrosis is result of (non/specific) activation of nucleases

A

non sp

54
Q

in apoptosis, how are DNA cleaved

A

endonucleases selectively cleave DNA at sites between nucleosomal units (linker DNA)

55
Q

read: physiological apoptosis
- during embryonic development
- normal tissues always have some death going on (renew)
- hormonally sensitive tissues, like endometrial lining during period

A

-

56
Q

ionizing radiation (is an apoptotic stimulus)

it targets

A

1 thymic lymphocytes

2 intestinal epithelium

57
Q

what’s the other apoptotic stimulus

describe mec

A

give Finestride -> leads to hormonal/DHT withdrawal -> apoptosis of prostate -> prostate dec in size

58
Q

what’s the consequence of a larger prostate

A

compress urethra (urinate frequently)

59
Q

describe the intrinsic pathway to triggering apoptosis

A

injury or hormone withdrawal -> mito releases cytochrome C -> activates caspase -> activates executioner caspase -> apoptosis

60
Q

describe the EXtrinisic pathway to triggering apoptosis

A

FAS or TNF bind to death receptor -> activates caspase -> activates executioner caspase -> result in apoptosis

61
Q

necrosis: mec for transition from reversible to irreversible injury IS

result of these mec

A

mito
plasma mem
damage

= accumulation of Ca in injured cells

62
Q

read: bc of plasma mem damage, Ca and phosphate goes into the cells

A

-

63
Q

name the pathways that initiate apoptosis

A

1 mito/intrinsic pathway

2 death receptor/extrinsic pathway

64
Q

read: several biochemical pathways involving oxidases may generate reactive oxygen metabolites (ROS)

A

-

65
Q

these pathways generate ROS (naturally in body)

1 ETC
2 peroxisome - in liver, metabolize fatty acids and as byproduct, generate H202
3 NADPH oxidase
4 Cytochrome P450 oxidase

A

-

66
Q

reperfusion to cure ischemia - what have to be careful about

A

this generates oxidants from the phagocytic cells in restored circulation

67
Q

which type of antioxidant defense is MOST effective against damage to lipids initiated by OH dot?

A

vitamins

68
Q

what things bind to Fe and Cu to turn OFF their redox active state

A

Bind Fe: transferrin and ferritin

Bind Cu: ceruloplasmin

Block 4 (7 decks)

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