2-1 (Histology) (done perman)

Question 1

label each with either out of blood or back into blood

filtration
reabsorption
secretion

Answer 1

F - OUT of blood

reab - back INTO blood

secretion - OUT of blood

Question 2

kidney is derived from what kind of derm

Answer 2

int mesoderm

Question 3

mesangium cells are located where

purpose

Answer 3

in between the glomerulus capillary loop

support the capillary loops (structure)

Question 4

podocyte is a part of which Bowman’s capsule layer

Answer 4

visceral

significance - that’s where the filtration barrier is

Question 5

basement membrane of glomerular filtration barrier is COMPOSED of

Answer 5

basal lamina from endothelium and podocyte

Question 6

what is allowed thru the glomerular filtration barrier

Answer 6

-water
-glucose
-AA
etc

Question 7

purpose of slit diaphragms

Answer 7

intercellular junction that BRIDGE each filtration slit

they form the selective barrier

Question 8

purpose of loop of Henle

how does it do this

Answer 8

sets up osmotic concentration gradient in medulla VIA the countercurrent multiplier

Question 9

where can you expect to find the macula densa (not the obvious answer of DCT)

Answer 9

at the vascular pole

Question 10

where is urine concentrated (key place)

Answer 10

collecting duct

Question 11

collecting duct is responsive to which hormone

Answer 11

ADH/vasopressin

-this allows reabsorption of water from the urine

Question 12

is collecting duct considered part of the nephron

Answer 12

NO

Question 13

what’s the organ in the urinary system that displays STRATIFIED columnar

Answer 13

urethra

Question 14

is detrusor muscle smooth or skeletal

Answer 14

smooth

Question 15

accumulation of oxidatively damaged proteins are called what

Answer 15

inclusion body

Question 16

how do you know someone has Parkinson’s (by looking at their brain)

Answer 16

in neuron, see inclusion bodies called Lewy Bodies

Question 17

in oxidant injury, mito mem can be damaged by peroxidation

BUT this isn’t the final blow resulting in irreversible injury

what is final blow

Answer 17

FB - damage to plasma membrane

Question 18

describe a response to oxidant induced DNA damage

Answer 18

p53 protein moves from cytoplasm TO nucleus

in nucleus, p53 protein acts as a transcription factor to turn on genes that lead to G1 arrest or apoptosis

Question 19

classic measure of toxicity

Answer 19

LD50: lethal dose that kills 50% of study population

dose is mg/kg of body weight

Question 20

what chemical serves as the prototype for chemicals that injure cells AFTER these chm are metabolized to intermediates (aka chem has reactive intermediates)

Answer 20

carbon tetrachloride

Question 21

where is the site of attack of carbon tetrachloride

Answer 21

1 liver (where metabolism occurred) 
2 kidney (where these reactive metabolites are excreted)

Question 22

a major site of chem metabolism is WHERE in liver

Answer 22

cytochrome P450 oxidase system

Question 23

Xenobiotic def

Answer 23

exogenous chem in environ enter body (ingest, contact, inhale)

Question 24

carbon tetrachloride initiates toxicity in the liver WHEN and why

Answer 24

when - after CT undergoes phase 1 metabolism via cytochrome P450 enzymes (aka yields free radicals)

why - these free radicals initiate lipid peroxidation

Question 25

name for MOST COMMON pattern of carbon tetrachloride initiating toxicity in the liver

Answer 25

cen-tri-lobular (zone 3) necrosis

Question 26

after ingestion of carbon tetrachloride, after 48 hrs, the patient will manifest with

Answer 26

jaundice (bc dec bile)

Question 27

Cytochrome P450 WHICH type binds CCl4 what other stuff does it bind

Answer 27

2E1 binds ethanol acetaminophen (tylenol)

Question 28

highest activity of cytochrome P450 metabolism occurs WHERE in liver

Answer 28

hepatocytes around central vein

Question 29

which toxicants do NOT have to be activated by metabolism give ex

Answer 29

direct acting toxicant (ex: metal)

Question 30

most of ingested ethanol is metabolized WHERE

Answer 30

in liver

Question 31

is fatty liver reversible

Answer 31

yes

Question 32

what's the most common reason for liver transplantation in the US

Answer 32

acetaminophen overdose

Question 33

free radicals will cross link proteins how

Answer 33

via SH groups

Question 34

what's the metabolite of ethanol called

Answer 34

acetaldehyde read: it's the trouble maker (ex: induces formation of protein adducts)

Question 35

give example of neuroendocrine cells

Answer 35

entero-endocrine cell in GI

Question 36

name pituitary gland's neural connection

Answer 36

hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

Question 37

name the pit gland's blood supply

Answer 37

portal system

Question 38

know: oxytocin and ADH is actually PRODUCED in the hypothalamus (it is stored in the pituitary)

Answer 38

-

Question 39

describe the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system pathway

Answer 39

internal carotid -> hypophyseal art -> hyp portal -> hypo vein

Question 40

hypothalamus-pituitary system is (positive/negative) feedback

Answer 40

negative

Question 41

(low/high) body temp stimulates hypothalamus secretion of TRH

Answer 41

low body temp

Question 42

thyroid hormone pathway is an example of (negative/positive) feedback

Answer 42

negative

Question 43

give two examples of positive feedback in body (not estrogen)

Answer 43

labor (oxytocin) | lactation (prolactin)

Question 44

excess prolactin in women causes what

Answer 44

galactorrhea read: men may have galactorrhea when they have prolactin-producing tumors in pituitary

Question 45

other than cause reabsorption of water, what other function does ADH/vasopressin have

Answer 45

increase BP

Question 46

goiter results from hyper/hypo thyroidism

Answer 46

both

Question 47

calcitonin lowers Ca levels BY doing what

Answer 47

acting on osteoclast to REDUCE its activity level

Question 48

what substance has anabolic effect in liver, but catabolic outside liver

Answer 48

glucocorticoid

Question 49

general name for neural crest derived cells that produce catecholamine

Answer 49

paraganglia

Question 50

rel of carotid body and altitude

Answer 50

carotid body inc when live in high altitude

Question 51

carotid body is ex of (para/sympathetic) what

Answer 51

paras paraganglion hence: carotid body produces catecholamine

Question 52

function of pancreas islet of langerhans which cells within it do this function

Answer 52

beta - make insulin alpha - makes glucagon (promotes glycogenolysis) also makes somatostatin (inhibits secretion of alpha and beta cells)

Question 53

dif bt type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Answer 53

1-loss of beta cells due to AUTOimmune destruction 2-target cells are resistant to insulin

Question 54

which pituitary contains pars distalis

Answer 54

anterior pit read: posterior pit contains pars nervosa

Question 55

which has microvilli and thus is CLOUDED PCT or DCT (proximal vs distal)

Answer 55

proximal