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Block 4 > 2-1 (Histology) (done perman) > Flashcards

2-1 (Histology) (done perman) Flashcards

1
Q

label each with either out of blood or back into blood

filtration
reabsorption
secretion

A

F - OUT of blood

reab - back INTO blood

secretion - OUT of blood

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2
Q

kidney is derived from what kind of derm

A

int mesoderm

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3
Q

mesangium cells are located where

purpose

A

in between the glomerulus capillary loop

support the capillary loops (structure)

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4
Q

podocyte is a part of which Bowman’s capsule layer

A

visceral

significance - that’s where the filtration barrier is

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5
Q

basement membrane of glomerular filtration barrier is COMPOSED of

A

basal lamina from endothelium and podocyte

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6
Q

what is allowed thru the glomerular filtration barrier

A

-water
-glucose
-AA
etc

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7
Q

purpose of slit diaphragms

A

intercellular junction that BRIDGE each filtration slit

they form the selective barrier

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8
Q

purpose of loop of Henle

how does it do this

A

sets up osmotic concentration gradient in medulla VIA the countercurrent multiplier

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9
Q

where can you expect to find the macula densa (not the obvious answer of DCT)

A

at the vascular pole

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10
Q

where is urine concentrated (key place)

A

collecting duct

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11
Q

collecting duct is responsive to which hormone

A

ADH/vasopressin

-this allows reabsorption of water from the urine

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12
Q

is collecting duct considered part of the nephron

A

NO

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13
Q

what’s the organ in the urinary system that displays STRATIFIED columnar

A

urethra

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14
Q

is detrusor muscle smooth or skeletal

A

smooth

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15
Q

accumulation of oxidatively damaged proteins are called what

A

inclusion body

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16
Q

how do you know someone has Parkinson’s (by looking at their brain)

A

in neuron, see inclusion bodies called Lewy Bodies

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17
Q

in oxidant injury, mito mem can be damaged by peroxidation

BUT this isn’t the final blow resulting in irreversible injury

what is final blow

A

FB - damage to plasma membrane

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18
Q

describe a response to oxidant induced DNA damage

A

p53 protein moves from cytoplasm TO nucleus

in nucleus, p53 protein acts as a transcription factor to turn on genes that lead to G1 arrest or apoptosis

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19
Q

classic measure of toxicity

A

LD50: lethal dose that kills 50% of study population

dose is mg/kg of body weight

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20
Q

what chemical serves as the prototype for chemicals that injure cells AFTER these chm are metabolized to intermediates (aka chem has reactive intermediates)

A

carbon tetrachloride

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21
Q

where is the site of attack of carbon tetrachloride

A 
1 liver (where metabolism occurred) 
2 kidney (where these reactive metabolites are excreted)
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22
Q

a major site of chem metabolism is WHERE in liver

A

cytochrome P450 oxidase system

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23
Q

Xenobiotic def

A

exogenous chem in environ enter body (ingest, contact, inhale)

24
Q

carbon tetrachloride initiates toxicity in the liver WHEN and why

A

when - after CT undergoes phase 1 metabolism via cytochrome P450 enzymes (aka yields free radicals)

why - these free radicals initiate lipid peroxidation

25
Q

name for MOST COMMON pattern of carbon tetrachloride initiating toxicity in the liver

A

cen-tri-lobular (zone 3) necrosis

26
Q

after ingestion of carbon tetrachloride, after 48 hrs, the patient will manifest with

A

jaundice (bc dec bile)

27
Q

Cytochrome P450 WHICH type binds CCl4

what other stuff does it bind

A

2E1

binds ethanol
acetaminophen (tylenol)

28
Q

highest activity of cytochrome P450 metabolism occurs WHERE in liver

A

hepatocytes around central vein

29
Q

which toxicants do NOT have to be activated by metabolism

give ex

A

direct acting toxicant (ex: metal)

30
Q

most of ingested ethanol is metabolized WHERE

A

in liver

31
Q

is fatty liver reversible

A

yes

32
Q

what’s the most common reason for liver transplantation in the US

A

acetaminophen overdose

33
Q

free radicals will cross link proteins how

A

via SH groups

34
Q

what’s the metabolite of ethanol called

A

acetaldehyde

read: it’s the trouble maker (ex: induces formation of protein adducts)

35
Q

give example of neuroendocrine cells

A

entero-endocrine cell in GI

36
Q

name pituitary gland’s neural connection

A

hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

37
Q

name the pit gland’s blood supply

A

portal system

38
Q

know: oxytocin and ADH is actually PRODUCED in the hypothalamus (it is stored in the pituitary)

A

-

39
Q

describe the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system pathway

A

internal carotid -> hypophyseal art -> hyp portal -> hypo vein

40
Q

hypothalamus-pituitary system is (positive/negative) feedback

A

negative

41
Q

(low/high) body temp stimulates hypothalamus secretion of TRH

A

low body temp

42
Q

thyroid hormone pathway is an example of (negative/positive) feedback

A

negative

43
Q

give two examples of positive feedback in body (not estrogen)

A

labor (oxytocin)

lactation (prolactin)

44
Q

excess prolactin in women causes what

A

galactorrhea

read: men may have galactorrhea when they have prolactin-producing tumors in pituitary

45
Q

other than cause reabsorption of water, what other function does ADH/vasopressin have

A

increase BP

46
Q

goiter results from hyper/hypo thyroidism

A

both

47
Q

calcitonin lowers Ca levels BY doing what

A

acting on osteoclast to REDUCE its activity level

48
Q

what substance has anabolic effect in liver, but catabolic outside liver

A

glucocorticoid

49
Q

general name for neural crest derived cells that produce catecholamine

A

paraganglia

50
Q

rel of carotid body and altitude

A

carotid body inc when live in high altitude

51
Q

carotid body is ex of (para/sympathetic) what

A

paras
paraganglion

hence: carotid body produces catecholamine

52
Q

function of pancreas islet of langerhans

which cells within it do this function

A

beta - make insulin

alpha - makes glucagon (promotes glycogenolysis)

also makes somatostatin (inhibits secretion of alpha and beta cells)

53
Q

dif bt type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A

1-loss of beta cells due to AUTOimmune destruction

2-target cells are resistant to insulin

54
Q

which pituitary contains pars distalis

A

anterior pit

read: posterior pit contains pars nervosa

55
Q

which has microvilli and thus is CLOUDED

PCT or DCT (proximal vs distal)

A

proximal

Block 4 (7 decks)

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