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1/2 Psych > 2.Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

2.Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

what is Sensation

A

sensation is the process by which our sense organs and receptors detect and respond to physical stimuli that stimulates them.

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2
Q

is sensation passive or active

A

sensation is an automatic PASSIVE process

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3
Q

what is perception

A

perception is the process of assigning meaning to raw information

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4
Q

is perception passive or active

A

perception is an active process

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5
Q

Identify the key processes of sensation and perception

A

reception and receptive fields
transduction
transmission
interpretation
(RTTI)

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6
Q

describe the reception and receptive fields process

A

sensory receptors receive and process sensory information

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7
Q

describe transduction process

A

receptors change the energy of sensory information into a form that can travel along neurones as action potentials

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8
Q

describe transmission process

A

sensory information is sent to the relevant area of the brain via the thalamus

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9
Q

describe interpretation process

A

sensory information is given meaning. Existing knowledge from memories are used to make sense of the raw sensory information

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10
Q

Describe visual sensation.

A

the detection or awareness of the presence of light energy produced by stimulation of visual receptors in the eye

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11
Q

Describe Visual perception

A

the selection, organisation and interpretation of visual sensations by the brain into meaningful objects and events

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12
Q

function of cornea

A

-light enters eye via cornea
-protect the eye and helps focus light rays onto the retina

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13
Q

function of aqueous humour

A

-watery fluid
-helps maintain shape of eyeball
-provides nutrients and oxygen to they eye

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14
Q

function of pupil

A

-black circle in centre of eye
-helps control amount of light that enters they eye

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15
Q

function of the iris

A

-coloured part of eye
-contains muscles that controls the size of the pupil

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16
Q

function of the lens

A

-focuses light onto the retina

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17
Q

function of the vitreous humour

A

-helps maintain shape of eyeball and focus light

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18
Q

function of the retina

A

receives and absorbs light and processes images

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19
Q

what does the image focused on the retina look like

A

upside down (inverted) and back to front (reversed)

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20
Q

what is the order of light through the eye

A

cornea
aqueous humour
pupil
iris
lens
vitreous humour
retina
optic nerve

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21
Q

how many rods

A

120 mil

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22
Q

how many cones

A

6 mil

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23
Q

function of rods

A

-respond to very low levels of light
-responsible for night vision and peripheral vision
-sensitive to movement

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24
Q

function of cones

A

-respond to high levels of light
-detect fine detail and are involved in colour vision

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25
Q

transduction process for vision

A

-when photoreceptors detect light energy, they convert this information to a type of energy that can be sent to the brain for further processing
-these signals are sent to ganglion cells that generate acton potentials

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26
Q

optic nerve function

A

transmits visual information from retina to primary visual cortex

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27
Q

what is the optic chiasm

A

-point where axons cross
-contralaterally organised

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28
Q

what are visual perception principles

A

visual perception principles are ‘rules’ that we apply to visual information to assist our organisation and interpretation of the information in a consistent and meaningful way

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29
Q

what are gestalt principles

A

refers to how we organise the features of a visual scene by grouping them to perceive a whole, complete form
- ‘the whole is greater than the sum of its parts’

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30
Q

identify the gestalt principles

A

figure ground organisation
closure
similarity
proximity

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31
Q

what is figure ground organisation

A

we organise visual information by perceptually diving a visual scene into a figure, which stands out from the (back)ground
-figure and ground are separated by the CONTOUR

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32
Q

name the subdivisions of figure ground organisation

A

reversibility and camouflage

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33
Q

what is reversibility

A

when the figure and ground are ambiguous, our perception is dependent on which aspect of the visual scene we label as the figure

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34
Q

what is camouflage

A

when the figure and ground are not easily separated, but instead blend together

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35
Q

what is closure

A

closure is the perceptual tendency to mentally ‘close up’, fill in or ignore gaps in a visual image. This is so we can perceive the objects as complete or whole

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36
Q

what is similarity

A

similarity is the perceptual tendency to perceive parts of a visual image that have similar features and group these according to size, shape, colour or texture-perceiving them as whole

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37
Q

what is proximity

A

proximity is the perceptual tendency to perceive parts of a visual image which are positioned close together as a ‘whole’

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38
Q

what is depth perception

A

the ability to accurately estimate the distance of objects and therefore perceive the world in three dimensions
-done through use of depth cues

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39
Q

identify two types of depth cues

A

binocular and monocular depth cues

40
Q

what are binocular depth cues

A

requires the use of both eyes working together to provide information to the brain about depth and distance

41
Q

identify the binocular depth cues

A

convergence ]
retinal disparity

42
Q

what is convergence

A

-the brain detects and interprets depth and distance from changes in tension in the eye muscles when the two eyes turn inward to focus on close objects
-greater tension for close objects, less tension for objects further away

43
Q

what is retinal disparity

A

-each eye receives a slightly different image
-the difference changes with distance- the further away the object the less the difference
-the information about the difference is combined and interpreted by the brain to give us the depth and distance of an object

44
Q

what are monocular depth cues

A

requires the use of only one eye to provide information on depth and distance to the brain

45
Q

is accommodation monocular or binocular depth cue

A

monocular depth cue

46
Q

what is accommodation

A

-brain monitors ciliary muscles to judge depth and distance
-lens flattens for further objects and bulges for more nearby objects

47
Q

what are pictorial depth cues

A

monocular, secondary external depth cues

48
Q

identify types of pictorial depth cues

A

-height in visual field
-interposition
-texture gradient
-linear perspective
-relative size

-HITLR

49
Q

what is linear perspective

A

apparent convergence of parallel lines as they recede into the distance

50
Q

what is interposition

A

overlapping objects, front objects appears closer than object behind

51
Q

what is texture gradient

A

judgement of depth and distance influenced by amount of fine detail seen on surfaces

52
Q

what is relative size

A

tendency to visually perceive objects with the largest image on the retina as closest and vice versa. (assuming objects are same size in real life )

53
Q

what is height in visual field

A

location of object in visual field determines perceived distance
-closer to the horizon seen as more distant

54
Q

what is a perceptual constancy

A

tendency to perceive an object as remaining stable and unchanged (constant) despite any changes that may occur to the image that is casted on the retina

55
Q

name types of perceptual constancies

A

size, shape and brightness

56
Q

what is size constancy

A

recognising that an object actual size remains the same, even though the size of the image it casts on the retina changes

57
Q

what is shape constancy

A

tendency to perceive an object as maintaining its shape despite any change in shape of the image of the object on the retina

58
Q

what is brightness constancy

A

tendency to perceive an object as maintaining its level of brightness in relation to its surroundings, despite any changes in the amount of light being reflected from the object to the retina

59
Q

what is perceptual set

A

the predisposition or readiness to perceive something in accordance to what we expect it to be

60
Q

identify factors that may influence perceptual set

A

context, culture, motivation, emotional state, past experience

61
Q

how can context influence perceptual set

A

when interpreting visual information we take into account the setting and pay more attention to those aspects that are immediately relevant
eg 123/ABC

62
Q

how can motivation influence perceptual set

A

visual perception can be influenced by our motivation to see what we want to see, rather than what is actually there
eg AFL supporters

63
Q

how can emotional state influence perceptual set

A

different emotions can ‘set’ us to perceive information in a particular way consistent with the emotion being experienced

64
Q

how can past experience influence perceptual set

A

our personal experiences through our lives (what we have learnt) can ‘set’ us to perceive information in a particular way

65
Q

describe process of taste sensation

A

physical stimulation of taste receptors in the mouth
-this stimuli are tastants-which are chemical molecules in food & drink, these molecules are dissolved by saliva

66
Q

describe transduction for taste

A

taste receptors convert sensory input into signals that can be sent to the bran

67
Q

describe perception process for taste

A

after initial processing by thalamus, sensory information is sent to gustatory cortex for interpretation

68
Q

taste receptors function

A

sensory receptors that detect the chemical molecules that enable taste, have a lifespan of about 10 days

69
Q

taste buds function

A

taste receptors are located in taste buds, most are on tongue but some can be found under tongue or in mouth
-number of taste buds decline with age

70
Q

papillae function

A

small bumps on tongues surface that contain taste buds, may contain one or more taste buds

71
Q

taste pores function

A

open into the taste bud, connect surface of tongue to taste receptors that are in taste buds, this is achieved by gustatory hairs

72
Q

blind spot for taste

A

centre of tongue

73
Q

identify influences on taste perception

A

-age
-genetics
-perceptual set:food packaging and appearance
-culture

74
Q

how can age influence taste perception

A

-taste buds become more numerous during physiological development
-number of taste buds decline with age-less responsive to taste after age of 60

75
Q

how can genetics influence taste perception

A

-we are more or less responsive to taste depending on our genetic predisposition (gene TAS2R38)
-supertasters experience more intense taste sensations

76
Q

percentage of super tasters, non tasters and others

A

25% supertasters and non tasters
50% fall in between two extremes

77
Q

how can perceptual set influence taste perception

A

-taste what we expect to taste
-expect food to look a certain way
-past experiences shape our expectations

78
Q

how can culture influence taste perception

A

we generally prefer tastes that we grew up with, evidence suggests that these start in-utero and directly after birth for infants who are breastfed

79
Q

what is a perceptual distortion

A

a perceptual distortion is an inconsistency or mismatch between our perceptual experience and our physical reality

80
Q

what are visual illusions

A

consistent misinterpretation of real sensory information
-mismatch between our visual perception and physical reality

81
Q

name two common visual illusions

A

muller lyer Illusion
ames room

82
Q

what is the muller lyer illusion

A

the line with the feather tail at each end is perceived as being longer than the line with arrow head at each end

83
Q

biological explanations of muller lyer illusion

A

eye movement theory:proposes that the arrow head and feather tailed lines require different types/amounts of eye movement. As the entire feather tail is longer, it lengthens the eye movement required to see the line and is therefore perceived as being longer
-theory was rejected because illusion was present with no eye movement

neuro-imaging studies:specific brain areas have been found to be active and inactive when viewing the illusion
-doesnt actually explain illusion

84
Q

psychological explanation of muller lyer illusion

A

-the carpenter world hypothesis is a learning based explanation, suggesting that the illusion occurs because of its similarity to familiar architectural features in the real 3D world
-when two lines appear to be at different distances, and cast retinal images of equal size, we perceive the line that is further away (feather tail) to be longer

85
Q

social explanation of muller lyer illusion

A

communities within Africa lived in houses with rounded doors and domed roofs, hence have grown acustom to it
-when exposed to the illusion, ‘Zulus’ were more likely to view Ines in there actual 2D from and perceive the lines as equal in length

86
Q

how does Ames room illusion work

A

the Ames room odd shape (trapezoidal), along with the fact that left side of the back wall extends away from the peephole and that the ceiling is twice as high on left side compared to right side leads to the person on left looking smaller

87
Q

what is flavour

A

flavour is a perceptual experience produced by a combination of taste and other sensations (perceptual set, colour intensity and texture)

88
Q

how can colour influence perceptual set of taste

A

-colour plays key role in our expectation of what something will taste like
-tend to associate particular colours with certain foods
-when colour of food is different to what we expect, our brain can interpret that it tastes different too

89
Q

how can colour intensity influence taste perception

A

-tends to be an expectation that more intensely coloured foods are likely to be more intensely flavoured
-a brighter coloured food item can seem to taste different to a blander coloured one, even when there is no change in the ingredients

90
Q

what is texture

A

texture is the property of food or beverage that is felt in the mouth and contributes to flavour, along with taste, vision and other sensations

91
Q

how can texture influence flavour

A

-texture of food determine show much of its surface area can stimulate taste receptors eg cheese block vs grated
-texture affects how long food stays in the mouth and is exposed to taste receptors eg chewy foods

92
Q

what is synaesthesia

A

a perceptual experience in which the simulation of one sense produces an addition unusual experience in another sense
-does not replace original sense but adds to it

93
Q

characteristics of synaesthesia

A

-real not imagined
-involuntary
-automatic response
-vivid, highly memorable and consistent across time
-experiences vary among synaesthetics
-one way not bi directional (if colour produces taste, taste may not necessarily produce image of colour)

94
Q

grapheme –> colour synaesthesia

A

viewing a specific letter or number evokes a specific colour or colour overlay

95
Q

possible explanations of synaesthesia

A

-high sensitivity to external stimuli
-breakdown of sensory and perceptual processes
-excess of neural connections from development -that haven’t been pruned out
-unique structure of brain

96
Q

where is gustatory cortex

A

made up of two sub structures, found in two separate lobes of the brain deep within the cerebral cortex under frontal, parietal and temporal lobe

97
Q

what’s more powerful size or shape constancy

A

shape constancy, in the Ames room illusion, size constancy is not maintained as we perceive one person as smaller than the other, however the room isn’t perceived as changing shape

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