2nd Six Weeks Flashcards
Pauli Exclusion principle
The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that, in an atom, no two electrons can have the same four electronic quantum numbers. We are aware that in one orbital a maximum of two electrons can be found and the two electrons must have opposing spins.
Aufbau principle
The Aufbau principle (from the German Aufbau meaning “building up, construction”: also Aufbau rule or building-up principle) is used to determine the electron configuration of an atom, molecule or ion.
Hund’s Rule
Hund’s Rule states that: Every orbital in a sublevel is singly occupied before any orbital is doubly occupied. All of the electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin (to maximize total spin).
Isotope
each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element.
What are the charges of the following:
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Positive
No charge
Negative
Atomic mass a.k.a. atomic weight, average atomic mass, & relative atomic mass
A weighted average of the masses for all the isotopes of a certain element
Alpha Radiation
Emits alpha particles. An alpha particle is made up of two protons and two neutrons. Often called a helium nucleus
Beta Radiation
Consists of fast moving electrons called beta particles (negatively charged particles)
Gamma radiation
Gamma rays are high-energy radiation that possess no mass. Gamma rays usually accompany alpha and beta radiation, they account for the most energy lost during the radioactive decay process. (No mass & no charge)
What is another word for decay?
Emission
What is the name for K-capture?
Electron capture
Atomic number (Z)
Number of protons
Mass number (A)
Number of protons + neutrons
Net charge
How protons and electrons balance out
Net charge = 0: neutral
Net charge = +1: ion (any item that has a net charge, even negative)
Average atomic mass practice problem
Gallium-69 (60.11% abundance) 68.926 amu
Gallium-71 (39.89% abundance) 70.925 amu
68.9250.6011 + 70.9250.3989 = 69.72 amu
Alkali Metals
The alkali metals are a group (column) in the periodic table consisting of the chemical elements lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). This group lies in the s-block of the periodic table as all alkali metals have their outermost electron in an s-orbital: this electron configuration results in their characteristic properties. The alkali metals provide the best example of group trends in properties in the periodic table, with elements exhibiting well-characterized homologous behaviour.
Alkaline earth metals
The alkaline earth metals are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra).[4] This group lies in the s-block of the periodic table as all alkaline earth metals have their outermost electron in an s-orbital.
Transition metals
The 38 elements in groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table are called “transition metals”. As with all metals, the transition elements are both ductile and malleable, and conduct electricity and heat. The interesting thing about transition metals is that their valence electrons, or the electrons they use to combine with other elements, are present in more than one shell. This is the reason why they often exhibit several common oxidation states. There are three noteworthy elements in the transition metals family. These elements are iron, cobalt, and nickel, and they are the only elements known to produce a magnetic field.
The Transition Metals are:
Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver
Cadmium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Ununnilium Unununium Ununbium
Non metals
The non-metal elements within the periodic table are:
Argon Astatine Bromine Carbon Chlorine Fluorine Helium Hydrogen Iodine Krypton Neon Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Radon Selenium Sulfur Xenon
Non-metals are either liquid or gas at room temperature, they have low electrical conductivity and have high melting and boiling points. Non-metals oxides are acidic.
Noble Gases
The six noble gases are found in group 18 of the periodic table. These elements were considered to be inert gases until the 1960’s, because their oxidation number of 0 prevents the noble gases from forming compounds readily. All noble gases have the maximum number of electrons possible in their outer shell (2 for Helium, 8 for all others), making them stable.
Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon
Halogens
The halogens are five non-metallic elements found in group 17 of the periodic table. The term "halogen" means "salt-former" and compounds containing halogens are called "salts". All halogens have 7 electrons in their outer shells, giving them an oxidation number of -1. The halogens exist, at room temperature, in all three states of matter: Solid- Iodine, Astatine Liquid- Bromine Gas- Fluorine, Chlorine The Halogens are: Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Astatine
