2nd Quarter Midterm Flashcards
what does lymphatic system do?
organs and tissues collect excess fluid and return it to blood + helps fight pathogens
how does the lymphatic system work?
lymph capillaries absorb lymph (fluid and particles absorbed between cells). lymph capillaries carries lymph into lymphatic vessels. skeletal muscles squeeze vessels to force lymph through lymphatic system, valves inside lymphatic vessels prevent backflow. lymph drains into the large neck veins of cardiovascular system
stages of mitosis in order
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
what happens during interphase?
DNA is copied
what happens during prophase?
chromosomes condense into thick strands
what happens during metaphase?
longest stage (20 min.) chromosomes allign in center of cell
what happens during anaphase?
the thick stands made in metaphase get pulled apart
what happens during telophase?
the cell splits into two
difference between meiosis and mitosis
meiosis = haploid, results in 4 cells, mitosis = diploid, results in 2 cells
3 shapes of bacteria
rods (bacilli) , spheres (cocci), spirals (spirilla)
benefit of each bacteria shape
bacilli (rods) - large surface area to take in nutrients. cocci (spheres) - don’t dry out quickly. spirilla (spirals) - use flagella at both ends to move like cork screw
how are archaebacteria different from bacteria
archaebacteria can survive extreme climates where nothing else lives (heat lovers, salt lovers, methane makers)
3 types of blood cells
red, white, platelets
benefits of shape of each blood cell
red blood cells - large surface area to help absorb oxygen. white - don’t have an exact shape, change shape to squeeze out of blood vessels and move around in tissues. platelets - change shape and clump with other platelets to prevent blood loss
function of each red blood cells
transports oxygen throughout body
function of platelets
clump together when you get a cut to prevent blood loss
function of white blood cells
destroy pathogens (bacteria, viruses, etc.) and help clean wounds
how do vaccines help
when you get a vaccination, they give you a weakened version of the virus. that way, when you get the actually virus, your immune system already has the blueprints it needs to fight it off.
why are males more likely to get sex-linked disorders
has to do with obtaining traits on your x chromosome. since women have 2 x chromosomes, they’re more likely to obtain the trait than men who have one chromosomes. they kinda… get 2 chances, ig. ex: trait to see color
what is a carrier
someone capable of passing on a genetic mutation / disease without experiencing the symptoms for themselves
what does bone marrow do
makes blood cells
two types of bone marrow
red, which makes red and white blood cells, and yellow, which is mostly fat.
five parts of integumentary system
hair, skin, sweat, nails, oil glands
what are osteoclasts
bone breakers (breaks down bone so it can be remade)
what are osteoblasts
bone builders (makes bone)
how blood travels through body
1) oxygen poor blood from body enters right atrium. oxygen filled blood enters left atrium. 2) when atria contract, blood is squeezed into the ventricles. 3) while atria relax, ventricles contract and push blood out of heart. blood from right ventricle goes to lungs, and blood from the left side goes to the rest of the body.
3 kinds of blood vessels.
arteries, capalaries, veins
what 3 kinds of blood vessels do
arteries - carries blood away from heart. capalaries - allows nutrients, oxygen, etc to leave blood and get to body’s cells, and carbon dioxide and other wastes to leave body cells and be carried away by blood. vein - carries blood back to heart
3 types of joints and their functions
gliding - allows bones in area to glide over each other, ball and socket - move in all directions, hinge - extend + flex (door)
how food goes through digestive system
food passes through digestive tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small instestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.) chew, saliva changes complex carbohydrates into simple sugars, tongue pushes into throat down to the esophagus, esophagus squeezes food down using muscle contractions called peristalsis, food is forced into stomach, stomach squeezes food with muscle contractions, enzymes and acids are formed and break food into nutrients, makes soupy mixture called chyme, chmye is slowly released by valve into small intestine, mixes chyme with fluids from liver and pancreas. large instestine stores, compacts, eliminates indigestable material from body. changes soupy undigestable material to semisolid waste. travels to rectum where it is stored until leaving through the anus
where do nutrients come out?
nutrients are absorbed through bloodstream, not needed right away = stored in liver
where does water go?
water lost through sweat and urine
difference between mechanical and chemical digestion
chem = large molecules are broken down into nutrients mech = breaking, crushing, mashing of food
what do catalysts do
speed up breaking down of food molecules into smaller particles body can use (?)
how immune system protects body
protects body by fighting off harmful substances and germs.
what do white blood cells do to fight diseases
some squeeze out of blood vessels and move around tissues, destroying pathogens when they see them. others release antibodies, or chemicals that can identify and destroy pathogens
only bacteria that photosynthesizes
cyanobacteria
blood type A can receive/ donate to
receive : A, O donate : A, AB
blood type B can receive/ donate to
receive: B, O donate: B, AB
blood type AB can receive/ donate to
receive: all donate: AB only
blood type O can receive/ donate to
receive: O donate: all
are all fungi decomposers? role of fungi
some are parasites, some decompose, some consume by secreting digestive juices onto food source. fungi can help us (cheese, bread, soy sauce), and harm us (athlete’s foot)
