2nd Page Flashcards
Causes of diseases can be classified as:
Alteration of cell growth
Iatrogenic
Nosocomial
Community Acquired
Idiopathic
new growth in tumor or neoplasm (Arthritis)
Alteration of cell growth
-caused by physicians and their treatment
Iatrogenic
-developed in hospitals or acute care facilities
Nosocomial
infections contracted in the community or outside the health care facility
Community Acquired-
- the underlying cause of the disease is unknown (Fever)
Idiopathic
mechanism of disease development
sequence of events in the response of cells, tissues, or organisms to the cause of the disease
PATHOGENESIS
-structural alterations induced in cells and organs of the body
structural changes in cells and tissues that are characteristics of the disease or etiologic process
Abnormal Gross, Microscopic, Radiologic, Molecular anatomy
MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES
functional consequences of the morphologic changes
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE/ FUNCTIONAL DERANGEMENT
manifestations of a disease that the patient feels and describes that are not measurable or observable to the examiner
Symptoms
measurable or objective manifestations of disease process fever, rashes
Signs
estimated or forecast of the expected outcome of a disease
Prognosis
-A normal cell in a homeostatic steady state is able to handle physiologic demands
Cellular Injury and Adaptation
occurs with excessive external stimuli or stress wherein a new but altered steady state is achieved but the cell remains viable cell still remains viable (alive) despite excessive external stimuli injury
Cellular adaptation (reversible)
occurs if the limits of adaptive capability are exceeded, or when no adaptive
response is possible
Cellular injury (irreversible)
Causes of cellular injury
- Ischemia
Hypoxia - Chemical agents
- Physical agents
- Infection
- Immunologic reactions
- Genetic defects
- Nutritional defects
& Aging-elderlies were prone to diseases
-normal cell death +eg Embryogenesis, hormonal involution-corpus luteum)
Apoptosis
premature or untimely death due to causes
Necrosis
4 Most important adaptive changes
- Atrophy
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia.
- Metaplasia
-shrinkage in cell size by loss of cell substance; reduction in cell size with the corresponding decrease in function
Atrophy
increase in the size of cells and consequent increase in the size of tissue/organ by a gain of cellular substance
Hypertrophy
increase in the number of cells by mitotic division in a tissue or organ
Hyperplasia
- reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
Metaplasia
atypical proliferative changes or loss in uniformity of individual adult cells size and their architectural orientation
Dysplasia
Other Cellular Alterations:
Calcification
Dystrophic calcification
Metastatic calcification
abnormal deposition of calcium salts with smaller amounts of other mineral salts in radiograph it may appear radiolucent (bone)
Calcification-
- abnormal deposition of calcium in dead or dying tissues
Dystrophic calcification
- calcium deposition in normal tissues due to hypercalcemia- high calcium level
Metastatic calcification
Underlying processes of radiographic manifestation of diseases:
- Inflammation
- Edema
- Ischemia
- Infarction
- Hemorrhage
- Alteration of cell growth (lead to neoplasm
