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PSYCHIA 2 > 2nd bm > Flashcards

2nd bm Flashcards

1
Q

valve prolapse id the same as the prevalence of panic disorder inpatients without mitral valve prolapse

True
False

A

True

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2
Q

for Panic Disorder

All of the above
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Epilepsy
Asthma

A

All of the above

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3
Q

The lifetime prevalence of specific phobia is about

10 percent
1 percent
0.1 percent
15 percent

A

10 percent

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4
Q

Psychodynamic themes in Panic Disorder

All of the above
Physical or emotional separation from significant person both in childhood and in adult life
Difficulty tolerating anger
Perception of parents as controlling, frightening, critical, and demanding

A

All of the above

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5
Q

often in persons without close interpersonal relationships and in those who are divorced or separated.

True
False

A

True

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6
Q

An untreated depressive episode lasts

None of the above
1 to 3 months
3 to 5 months
6 to 13 months

A

6 to 13 months

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7
Q

The environmental stressor most often associated with the onset of an episode of depression is

Unemployment
losing a parent before age 11 years
the loss of a spouse
all of the above

A

the loss of a spouse

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8
Q

Patients with generalized anxiety disorder frequently develop major depressive disorder

True
False

A

True

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9
Q

According to the National Comorbidity Study the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorder in men

None of the above
30.5 percent
17.7 percent
19.2 percent

A

19.2 percent

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10
Q

Behavioral theories of postulate that anxiety is

a conditioned response to a specific environmental stimulus
response to the perceived void in existence and meaning
none of the above
a signal of the presence of danger in the unconscious

A

a conditioned response to a specific environmental stimulus

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11
Q

True regarding anxiety

all of the above
to deal with a threat
warns of impending danger
an alerting signal

A

all of the above

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12
Q

Unipolar disorder is typically the most common form of mood disorder in families of bipolar probands

True
False

A

True

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13
Q

The correlation studies between the downregulation or decreased sensitivity of β- adrenergic receptors and clinical indicating a direct role for this biogenic amine in depression

Histamine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin

A

Norepinephrine

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14
Q

As many as 20 percent of patients actually have syncopal episodes during a panic attack

True
False

A

True

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15
Q

Patients with only major depressive episodes are said to have

bipolar ll disorder
major depressive disorder or unipolar depression
bipolar l disorder
all of the above

A

major depressive disorder or unipolar depression

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16
Q

Fear is a response that is

known
conflictual
internal
vague

A

known

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17
Q

True regarding clinical features of Panic Attack

impending death and doom
all of the above
the first panic attack is often completely spontaneous
physical signs often include tachycardia, palpitations, dyspnea, and sweating

A

all of the above

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18
Q

Hallmark of a manic episode

elevated, expansive, or irritable mood decreased need for sleep
more talkative than usual
flight of ideas

A

elevated, expansive, or irritable mood

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19
Q

For a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder to be made, how long should the depressive episode last

At least 2 weeks
3 to 4 days
at least 5 days
At least 1 week

A

At least 2 weeks

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20
Q

For a diagnosis of Bipolar l Disorder to be made, a manic episode must last

At least 2 weeks
at least 5 days
At least 1 week
3 to 4 days

A

At least 1 week

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21
Q

The lifetime prevalence of panic disorder is

None of the above
10 to 15 percent
5 to 10 percent
1 to 4 percent

A

1 to 4 percent

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22
Q

A role of this neurotransmitter in anxiety disorders is most strongly supported by the undisputed efficacy of benzodiazepines

GABA
None of the above
Galanin
Neuropeptide Y

A

GABA

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23
Q

A pervasive and sustained emotion or feeling tone that influences a person’s behavior and colors his or her perception of being in the world

Fear
Mood
Anxiety
Affect

A

Mood

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24
Q

**

True regarding co- morbidity with Generalized Anxiety Disorder

All of the above
most often coexists with another mental disorder, usually social phobia, specific phobia, panic disorder, or a depressive disorder
As many as 25 percent of patients
50 to 90 percent of patients have another mental disorder

A

All of the above

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25
Q

True statements regarding co-morbidity of Panic Disorder

two-thirds first experience panic disorder during or after the onset of major depression
one-third have major depressive disorder before onset
91 percent have at least one other psychiatric disorder
all of the above

A

two-thirds first experience panic disorder during or after the onset of major depression

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26
Q

As to general description, the most common symptom of depression

hand wringing
hair pulling
none of the above
generalized psychomotor retardation

A

generalized psychomotor retardation

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27
Q

Essential characteristic/s of generalized anxiety disorder

all of the above
sustained and excessive anxiety and worry
accompanied by either motor tension or restlessness
the anxiety interferes with other aspects of a person’s life

A

all of the above

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28
Q

Family data indicate that if one parent has a mood disorder, a child will have a risk of between ________ percent for mood disorder

50 and 75 %
80 to 90 %
30 and 50 %
10 and 25 %

A

10 and 25 %

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29
Q

Benzodiazepines have the most rapid onset of action against panic, often within the first week, and they can be used for long periods without the development of tolerance to the anti-panic effects. These include the following, EXCEPT

Diazepam
Escitalopram
Alprazolam
Clonazepam

A

Escitalopram

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30
Q

The biogenic amine neurotransmitter most commonly associated with depression’

Serotonin
Histamine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

A

Serotonin

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31
Q

Increasing evidence also indicates that mood-stabilizing drugs act on

None of the above
G proteins or other second messengers
Dopamine
Serotonin

A

G proteins or other second messengers

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32
Q

Drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of panic disorder

Alprazolam (Xanax)
Paroxetine (Paxil)
Both a and b only
A only

A

Both a and b only

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33
Q

Effective drug/s for the treatment of social anxiety disorder include

all of the above
SSRIs
Benzodiazepines
Venlafaxine (Effexor)

A

all of the above

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34
Q

The two major schools of thought about psychosocial factors leading to the development of generalized anxiety disorder are the cognitive-behavioral school and the psychoanalytic school. The cognitive-behavioral school hypothesizes that anxiety is a symptom of unresolved, unconscious conflicts

True
False

A

True

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34
Q

The twin data provide compelling evidence that genes explain only 50 to70 percent of the etiology of mood disorders. Considering unipolar and bipolar disorders together, these studies find a concordance rate for mood disorder in same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twins of

40 to 60 %
16 to 35 %
70 to 90 %
None of the above

A

16 to 35 %

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35
Q

Anxiety is a response to a threat that is

Known
Conflictual
External
definite

A

Conflictual

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36
Q

The prevalence of anxiety disorders decreases with higher socioeconomic status

True
False

A

True

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36
Q

Freud believed that anxiety is

a conditioned response to a specific environmental stimulus response to the perceived void in existence and meaning
a signal of the presence of danger in the unconscious
none of the above

A

a signal of the presence of danger in the unconscious

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36
Q

Fear of heights

Acrophobia
Cynophobia
Xenophobia
Mysophobia

A

Acrophobia

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36
Q

The psychoanalytic school hypothesizes that patients with generalized anxiety disorder respond to incorrectly and inaccurately perceived dangers

True
False

A

True

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36
Q

True statements regarding the course and prognosis of generalized anxiety disorder

only one-third of patients seek psychiatric treatment
most patients with the disorder report that they have been anxious for as long as they can remember
all of the above
many go to general practitioners, internists, cardiologists, pulmonary specialists, orgastroenterologists, seeking treatment for the somatic component of the disorder

A

all of the above

36
Q

Other neurotransmitter disturbances in mood disorders involve Acetylcholine. Cholinergic agonists can produce lethargy, anergia, and psychomotor retardation in healthy subjects, can exacerbate symptoms in depression, and can reduce symptoms in mania

True
False

A

True

37
Q
A
38
Q

minimum number of symptoms needed in order to make a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder?

2
3
4
5

A

5

39
Q

The most compelling data indicate that the life event most often associated with development of depression is

all of the above
losing a parent age 11 years
unemployment
the loss of a spouse

A

losing a parent age 11 years

40
Q

most patients with Bipolar l Disorder experience both depressive and
manic episodes, although 10 to 20 percent experience only manic episodes

True
False

A

True

41
Q

Which of the following statements regarding sex distribution in mood disorders is/are true:

All of the above
bipolar I disorder has an equal prevalence among men and women
twofold greater prevalence of major depressive disorder in women than in men
Manic episodes are more common in men, and depressive episodes are more common in women

A

All of the above

42
Q

Recent epidemiological data suggest that the incidence of major depressive disorder may be increasing among people younger than 20years of age. This may be related to

none of the above
increased use of alcohol and drugs of abuse
effects of childbirth
hormonal differences

A

increased use of alcohol and drugs of abuse

43
Q

Research has demonstrated that stressors that the patient experiences as reflecting negatively on his or her self- esteem are more likely to produce depression

True
False

A

True

44
Q

Existential theories postulate that anxiety is

none of the above
response to the perceived void in existence and meaning
a signal of the presence of danger in the unconscious
a conditioned response to a specific environmental stimulus

A

response to the perceived void in existence and meaning

45
Q

Situation in which Agoraphobia can occur

in an enclosed space
all of the above
in an open space
using public transportation

A

all of the above

46
Q

Bipolar I disorder is more common in divorced and single persons than among married persons, but this difference may reflect the early onset and the resulting marital discord characteristic of the disorder

True
False

A

True

47
Q

Respiratory panic-inducing substances cause respiratory stimulation and a shift in the acid–base balance. These include

carbon dioxide (5 to 35 percent mixtures)
sodium lactate
Bicarbonate
all of the above

A

all of the above

48
Q

Neurochemical panic- inducing substances

Bicarbonate
sodium lactate
carbon dioxide (5 to 35 percent mixtures)
none of the above

A

none of the above

49
Q

According to the National Comorbidity Study the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorder in women

17.7 percent
None of the above
30.5 percent
19.2 percent

A

30.5 percent

50
Q

A peculiar triangle-shaped fold in the nasal corner of the upper eyelid often associated with depression

None of the above
Freud’s fold
Klein’s fold
Veraguth’s fold

A

Veraguth’s fold

51
Q

Most frequent disorders associated with major mood disorders

panic disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
all of the above
alcohol abuse or dependence

A

all of the above

52
Q

The only social factor identified as contributing to the development of panic disorder is

financial ruin
none of the above
a death in the family
a recent history of divorce or separation

A

a recent history of divorce or separation

53
Q

Most cases of agoraphobia are thought to be caused by panic disorder. When the panic disorder is treated, the agoraphobia often improves with time

True
False

A

True

54
Q

Whether an event is perceived as stressful depends on the nature of the event and on the person’s resources, psychological defenses, and coping mechanisms

True
False

A

True

55
Q

The idea of panic disorder may have its roots in the concept of irritable heart syndrome, which this physician noted in soldiers in the American Civil War

Charles Darwin
None of the above
Jacob Mendes DaCosta
Sigmund Freud

A

Jacob Mendes DaCosta

56
Q

Fear of dogs
Mysophobia
Xenophobia
Cynophobia
Acrophobia

A

Cynophobia

57
Q

Fear of strangers

Cynophobia
Acrophobia
Mysophobia
Xenophobia

A

Xenophobia

58
Q

Modern affective neuroscience focuses on the importance of four brain regions in the regulation of normal emotions, EXCEPT:

prefrontal cortex (PFC)
hippocampus
anterior cingulate
cerebellum

A

cerebellum

59
Q

Bipolar I disorder most often starts with depression

True
False

A

True

60
Q

Elevated HPA activity is a hallmark of mammalian stress responses and one of the clearest links between depression and the biology of chronic stress

True
False

A

True

61
Q

psychotic symptoms that are in harmony with the mood disorder (“I deserve to be punished because I am so bad”)

mood congruent
mood incongruent

A

mood congruent

62
Q

The autonomic nervous systems of some patients with panic disorder have been reported to

to respond excessively to moderate stimuli
all of the above
adapt slowly to repeated stimuli exhibit increased sympathetic tone

A

all of the above

63
Q

Fear of dirt and germs

Acrophobia
Cynophobia
Mysophobia
Xenophobia

A

Mysophobia

64
Q

These areas have become the focus of much hypothesis- forming about the neuroanatomical substrates of anxiety disorders

Locus ceruleus
Raphe nuclei
Both a and b
Only a

A

Both a and b

65
Q

Diagnosis of Panic Disorder

1 month or more of persistent concern or worry about additional panic attacks
A significant maladaptive change in behavior related to the attacks
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks
All of the above

A

All of the above

66
Q

The following statements regarding socioeconomic and cultural factors in mood disorder is/are true

Bipolar I disorder is more common in persons who graduated from college Depression is more common in urban areas
No correlation has been found between socioeconomic status and major depressive disorder
A higher than average incidence of bipolar I disorder is found among the lower socioeconomic groups

A

No correlation has been found between socioeconomic status and major depressive disorder

67
Q

Lifetime prevalence for social anxiety disorder

30 percent
none of the above
3 to 13 percent
0.3 to 1.3 percent

A

3 to 13 percent

68
Q

This theory of depression connects depressive phenomena to the experience of uncontrollable events

Classical
None of the above
Cognitive
Learned helplessness

A

Learned helplessness

69
Q

Fear of cats

Hydrophobia
Ailurophobia
Pyrophobia
Zoophobia

A

Ailurophobia

70
Q

Has been demonstrated to be involved in a number of physiological and behavioral functions, including learning and memory, pain control, food intake, neuroendocrine control, cardiovascular regulation, and, most recently, anxiety

Galanin
None of the above
GABA
Neuropeptide Y

A

Galanin

71
Q

Psychodynamic therapy proceeds with the assumption that anxiety can increase with effective treatment. The goal of the dynamic approach maybe to increase the patient’s anxiety tolerance (a capacity to experience anxiety without having to discharge it), rather than to eliminate anxiety

True
False

A

True

72
Q

Panic attacks generally lasts 20 to 30 minutes and rarely more than an hour

True
False

A

True

73
Q

Patients with agoraphobia rigidly avoid situations in which it would be difficult to obtain help

True
False

A

True

74
Q

Mean age of onset for major depressive disorder is about

50 years
20 years
30 years
40 years

A

40 years

75
Q

symptom feature of Major Depressive Disorder characterized by severe anhedonia, early morning awakening, weight loss, and profound feelings ofguilt (often over trivial events)

None of the above
With Melancholic Features
With Atypical Features With Psychotic Features

A

With Melancholic Features

76
Q

Depression is associated with a premature loss of deep (slow-wave) sleep and an increase in nocturnal arousal. The combination of increased REM drive and decreased slow- wave sleep results in a significant reduction in the first period of non-REM (NREM) sleep, a phenomenon referred to as

Insomnia
reduced REM latency
hypersomnia
none of the above

A

reduced REM latency

76
Q

percentage of patients with Major Depressive Disorder who commit suicide

20 to 30 %
10 to 15 %
15 to 20 %
None of the above

A

10 to 15 %

76
Q

Most theories of mania view manic episodes as a defense against underlying depression

True
False

A

True

77
Q

The lifetime prevalence rate for Bipolar l disorder

0.3-4.8 %
1.5-17 %
1 percent
0-2.4 %

A

0-2.4 %

77
Q

In patients with Panic Disorder

2 to 15 to 30 percent have generalized anxiety disorder
15 to 30 percent have social anxiety disorder or social phobia
All of the above

A

All of the above

77
Q

The National Comorbidity Study reported that

women are more likely to have an anxiety disorder than are men
there is a 12-month prevalence rate of 17.7 percent
all of the above
one of four persons met the diagnostic criteria for at least one anxiety disorder

A

all of the above

78
Q

Mean age of onset for Bipolar l disorder

30 years
20 years
50 years
40 years

A

30 years

79
Q

A family history of bipolar disorder conveys a greater risk for mood disorders in general
and, specifically, a much greater risk for bipolar disorder

True
False

A

True

80
Q

The lifetime prevalence rate for major depression

0-2.4 %
0.3-4.8 %
5-17 %
1 percent

A

5-17 %

80
Q

Has counterregulatory effects on corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)and Locus Ceruleus-Norepinephrine systems at brain sites that are important in the expression of anxiety, fear, and depression

None of the above
Galanin
Neuropeptide Y
GABA

A

Neuropeptide Y

80
Q

The three major neurotransmitters associated with anxiety on the bases of animal studies and responses to drug treatment are

dopamine, glycine, glutamate
norepinephrine (NE), serotonin, and γ- aminobutyric acid (GABA)
none of the above
dopamine, glycine, neuropeptide Y

A

norepinephrine (NE), serotonin, and γ- aminobutyric acid (GABA)

80
Q

Various studies have found that the first-degree relatives of patients with panic disorder have a four- to eightfold higher risk for panic disorder than first-degree relatives of other psychiatric patients

True
False

A

True

80
Q

About 50 to 75 percent of all depressed patients have a cognitive impairment, sometimes referred to as

Depressive pseudodementia
Alzheimer’s Disease
None of the above
Subcortical dementia

A

Depressive pseudodementia

80
Q

An untreated manic episode lasts about

3 months
None of the above
1 week
1 month

A

3 months

80
Q

Peripheral manifestations of anxiety

Palpitations
Restlessness
All of the above
Diarrhea

A

All of the above

80
Q

The twin data provide compelling evidence that genes explain only 50 to70 percent of the etiology of mood disorders.
Considering unipolar and bipolar disorders together, these studies find a concordance rate for mood disorder in the monozygotic (MZ) twins of

40 to 60 %
70 to 90 %
None of the above
16 to 35 %

A

70 to 90 %

80
Q

The experience of anxiety has two components: the awareness of the physiological sensations (e.g., palpitations and sweating) and the awareness of being nervous or frightened

True
False

A

True

80
Q

In 1854, Jules Falret described this condition in which patients experience alternating moods of depression and mania

folie impose
folie circulaire
none of the above
folie a deux

A

folie circulaire

81
Q

According to cognitive theory, depression results from specific cognitive distortions present in persons susceptible to depression. These distortions, referred to as ________, are cognitive templates that perceive both internal and external data in ways that are altered by early experiences

Anxiety
Hallucinations
depressogenic schemata
learned helplessness

A

depressogenic schemata

PSYCHIA 2 (4 decks)

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