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PSYCHIA 2 > 2nd bm > Flashcards

2nd bm Flashcards

1
Q

The many clinical drug trials that have been conducted support the hypothesis that dysregulation of this neurotransmitter is involved in the symptom formation of obsessions and compulsions in the disorder

Serotonin
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
None of the above

A

Serotonin

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2
Q

Some interest exists in a positive link between infection and OCD. The infection is caused by

Staphylococcus aureus
Group Aβ-hemolytic streptococcus
SARS-Cov 2
Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Group Aβ-hemolytic streptococcus

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3
Q

OCD is considered a regression from the oedipal phase to the anal psychosexual phase of development

classic psychoanalytic theory
learning theory
cognitive theory
none of the above

A

classic psychoanalytic theory

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4
Q

Obsessions are conditioned stimuli. A relatively neutral stimulus becomes associated with fear or anxiety through a process of respondent conditioning by being paired with events that are noxious or anxiety producing

classic psychoanalytic theory
learning theory
cognitive theory
none of the above

A

learning theory

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5
Q

Good prognosis in OCD is indicated by

yielding to (rather than resisting) compulsions Poor
childhood onset Poor
bizarre compulsions Poor
none of the above

A

none of the above

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6
Q

A poor prognosis in OCD is indicated by

good social and occupational adjustment good
presence of a precipitating event good
episodic nature of the symptoms good
none of the above

A

none of the above

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7
Q

For extreme cases of OCD that are treatment resistant and chronically debilitating, the following are considerations

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Psychosurgery
Deep Brain Stimulation
all of the above

A

all of the above

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8
Q

Characterized by a preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance that causes clinically significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning

Hair-Pulling Disorder
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
OCD
None of the above

A

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

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9
Q

It is also known as trichotillomania, a term coined by a French dermatologist

Hair-Pulling Disorder
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
OCD
None of the above

A

Hair-Pulling Disorder

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10
Q

Differential diagnosis in Body Dysmorphic Disorder

anorexia nervosa
gender identity disorder
major depressive disorder
all of the above

A

major depressive disorder

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11
Q

In OCD, the most common pattern is an obsession regarding

Contamination
Pathological doubt
Intrusive thoughts
Symmetry

A

Contamination

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12
Q

In OCD, the 2nd most common pattern is an obsession regarding

Contamination
Pathological doubt
Intrusive thoughts
Symmetry

A

Pathological doubt

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13
Q

In OCD, the 3rd most common pattern is an obsession regarding

Contamination
Pathological doubt
Intrusive thoughts
Symmetry

A

Intrusive thoughts

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14
Q

In OCD, the 4th most common pattern is an obsession regarding

Contamination
Pathological doubt
Intrusive thoughts
Symmetry

A

Symmetry

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15
Q

On mental status examinations, patients with OCD may show symptoms of depressive disorders. Such symptoms are present in about 50 percent of all patients.

True
False

A

True

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16
Q

The National Comorbidity Study reported that

one of four persons met the diagnostic criteria for at least one anxiety disorder
there is a 12-month prevalence rate of 17.7 percent
women are more likely to have an anxiety disorder than are men
all of the above

A

all of the above

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17
Q

According to the National Comorbidity Study the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorder in women

30.5 percent
19.2 percent
17.7 percent
None of the above

A

30.5 percent

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18
Q

According to the National Comorbidity Study the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorder in men

30.5 percent
19.2 percent
17.7 percent
None of the above

A

19.2 percent

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19
Q

The prevalence of anxiety disorders increases with higher socioeconomic status

True
False

A

False

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20
Q

The three major neurotransmitters associated with anxiety on the bases of animal studies and responses to drug treatment are

norepinephrine (NE), serotonin, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
dopamine, glycine, glutamate
dopamine, glycine, neuropeptide Y
serotonin, dopamine, glycine

A

norepinephrine (NE), serotonin, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

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21
Q

A role of this neurotransmitter in anxiety disorders is most strongly supported by the undisputed efficacy of benzodiazepines

Neuropeptide Y
Galanin
GABA
Dopamine

A

GABA

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22
Q

The idea of panic disorder may have its roots in the concept of irritable heart syndrome, which this physician noted in soldiers in the American Civil War

Jacob Mendes DaCosta
Sigmund Freud
Charles Darwin
None of the above

A

Jacob Mendes DaCosta

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23
Q

The lifetime prevalence of panic disorder is

1 to 4 percent
5 to 10 percent
10 to 15 percent
None of the above

A

1 to 4 percent

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24
Q

The only social factor identified as contributing to the development of panic disorder is

a recent history of divorce or separation
a death in the family
financial ruin
none of the above

A

a recent history of divorce or separation

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25
Q

Respiratory panic-inducing substances cause respiratory stimulation and a shift in the acid–base balance.

carbon dioxide (5 to 35 percent mixtures)
sodium lactate
bicarbonate
all of the above

A

all of the above

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26
Q

Diagnosis of Panic Disorder requires

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks
1 month or more of persistent concern or worry about additional panic attacks
A significant maladaptive change in behavior related to the attacks
All of the above

A

All of the above

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27
Q

Panic attacks generally lasts 20 to 30 minutes and rarely more than an hour

True
False

A

True

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28
Q

Organic differential diagnosis for Panic Disorder

Mitral Valve Prolapse
Asthma
Epilepsy
All of the above

A

All of the above

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29
Q

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors are effective for panic disorder. These include

Paroxetine
Clonazepam
Alprazolam
All of the above

A

Paroxetine

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30
Q

When it becomes effective, pharmacological treatment for panic disorder should generally continue for

8 to 12 months
1 to 3 months
2 to 4 weeks
None of the above

A

8 to 12 months

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31
Q

Most cases of agoraphobia are thought to be caused by panic disorder. When the panic disorder is treated, the agoraphobia often improves with time

True
False

A

True

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32
Q

The lifetime prevalence of specific phobia is about

10 percent
1 percent
0.1 percent
None of the above

A

10 percent

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33
Q

Fear of heights

Cynophobia
Mysophobia
Acrophobia
Xenophobia

A

Acrophobia

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34
Q

Fear of dogs

Cynophobia
Mysophobia
Acrophobia
Xenophobia

A

Cynophobia

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35
Q

Fear of dirt and germs

Cynophobia
Mysophobia
Acrophobia
Xenophobia

A

Mysophobia

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36
Q

Lifetime prevalence for social anxiety disorder

3 to 13 percent
0.3 to 1.3 percent
30 percent
None of the above

A

3 to 13 percent

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37
Q

Persons with social anxiety disorder are fearful of

embarrassing themselves in social situations
a specific location
a specific object
having a panic attack

A

embarrassing themselves in social situations

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38
Q

Which of the following is an essential characteristic/s of generalized anxiety disorder

sustained and excessive anxiety and worry
accompanied by either motor tension or restlessness
the anxiety interferes with other aspects of a person’s life
all of the above

A

all of the above

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39
Q

atients with generalized anxiety disorder frequently develop major depressive disorder

True
False

A

True

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40
Q

True statements regarding the course and prognosis of generalized anxiety disorder

a. most patients with the disorder report that they have been anxious just recently
b. 90 percent of patients seek psychiatric treatment
c. many go to general practitioners, internists, cardiologists, pulmonary specialists, or gastroenterologists, seeking treatment for the somatic component of the disorder
d. all of the above

A

c. many go to general practitioners, internists, cardiologists, pulmonary specialists, or gastroenterologists, seeking treatment for the somatic component of the disorder

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41
Q

A pervasive and sustained emotion or feeling tone that influences a person’s behavior and colors his or her perception of being in the world

Mood
Affect
Anxiety
Obsession

A

Mood

42
Q

Patients with only major depressive episodes are said to have

major depressive disorder
bipolar l disorder
bipolar ll disorder
all of the above

A

major depressive disorder

43
Q

In 1854, Jules Falret described a condition in which patients experience alternating moods of depression and mania

folie impose
folie circulaire
folie a deux
none of the above

A

folie circulaire

44
Q

According to Kraepelin, the absence of a dementing and deteriorating course in manic-depressive psychosis differentiated it from dementia precox (as schizophrenia was then called)

True
False

A

True

45
Q

For a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder to be made, how long should the depressive episode last

At least 1 week
At least 2 weeks
At least 1 month
None of the above

A

At least 2 weeks

46
Q

For a diagnosis of Bipolar l Disorder to be made, a manic episode must last

At least 1 week
At least 2 weeks
At least 1 month
None of the above

A

At least 1 week

47
Q

How many symptoms are needed in order to make a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder?

3
4
5
None of the above

A

5

48
Q

The lifetime prevalence rate for major depression

0-2.4 %
0.3-4.8 %
5-17 %
None of the above

A

5-17 %

49
Q

The lifetime prevalence rate for Bipolar l disorder

0-2.4 %
0.3-4.8 %
5-17 %
None of the above

A

0-2.4 %

50
Q

Which of the following statements regarding sex distribution in mood disorders is true?

twofold greater prevalence of bipolar disorder in women than in men
major depressive disorder has an equal prevalence among men and women
Manic episodes are more common in men, and depressive episodes are more common in women
d. All of the above

A

Manic episodes are more common in men, and depressive episodes are more common in women

51
Q

Mean age of onset for Bipolar l disorder

20 years
30 years
40 years
50 years

A

30 years

52
Q

Mean age of onset for major depressive disorder is about

20 years
30 years
40 years
50 years

A

40 years

53
Q

Recent epidemiological data suggest that the incidence of major depressive disorder may be increasing among people younger than 20 years of age. This may be related to

increased use of alcohol and drugs of abuse
hormonal differences
effects of childbirth
none of the above

A

increased use of alcohol and drugs of abuse

54
Q

Major depressive disorder occurs most often in persons without close interpersonal relationships and in those who are divorced or separated

True
False

A

True

55
Q

Bipolar I disorder is more common in divorced and single persons than among married persons, but this difference may reflect the early onset and the resulting marital discord characteristic of the disorder

True
False

A

True

56
Q

The following statements regarding socioeconomic and cultural factors in mood disorder is/are true

No correlation has been found between socioeconomic status and major depressive disorder
A higher than average incidence of bipolar I disorder is found among the lower socioeconomic groups
Bipolar I disorder is more common in persons who graduated from college
Depression is more common in urban areas

A

Depression is more common in urban areas

57
Q

Most frequent disorders associated with major mood disorders

alcohol abuse or dependence
panic disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
all of the above

A

all of the above

58
Q

The correlation studies between the downregulation or decreased sensitivity of β-adrenergic receptors and clinical antidepressant responses is probably the single most compelling piece of data indicating a direct role for this biogenic amine in depression

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Histamine

A

Norepinephrine

59
Q

The biogenic amine neurotransmitter most commonly associated with depression

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Histamine

A

Serotonin

60
Q

Other neurotransmitter disturbances in mood disorders involve Acetylcholine. Cholinergic agonists can produce lethargy, anergia, and psychomotor retardation in healthy subjects, exacerbate symptoms in depression, and reduce symptoms in mania

True
False

A

True

61
Q

Increasing evidence also indicates that mood-stabilizing drugs act on

G proteins or other second messengers
Dopamine
Serotonin
None of the above

A

G proteins or other second messengers

62
Q

Elevated HPA activity is a hallmark of mammalian stress responses and one of the clearest links between depression and the biology of chronic stress

True
False

A

True

63
Q

Depression is associated with a premature loss of deep (slow-wave) sleep and an increase in nocturnal arousal. The combination of increased REM drive and decreased slow-wave sleep results in a significant reduction in the first period of non-REM (NREM) sleep, a phenomenon referred to as

Insomnia
reduced REM latency
hypersomnia
none of the above

A

reduced REM latency

64
Q

Modern affective neuroscience focuses on the importance of four brain regions in the regulation of normal emotions, EXCEPT

prefrontal cortex (PFC)
anterior cingulate
hippocampus
cerebellum

A

cerebellum

65
Q

Family data indicate that if one parent has a mood disorder, a child will have a risk of between ________ percent for mood disorder

10 and 25 %
30 and 50 %
50 and 75 %
None of the above

A

10 and 25 %

66
Q

A family history of bipolar disorder conveys a greater risk for mood disorders in general and, specifically, a much greater risk for bipolar disorder

True
False

A

True

67
Q

Unipolar disorder (major depressive disorder) is typically the most common form of mood disorder in families of bipolar probands

True
False

A

True

68
Q

Concordance rate for mood disorders (unipolar and bipolar disorders combined) in monozygotic (MZ) twins

16 to 35 %
40 to 60 %
70 to 90 %
None of the above

A

70 to 90 %

69
Q

Concordance rate for mood disorders (unipolar and bipolar disorders combined) in same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twins

16 to 35 %
40 to 60 %
70 to 90 %
None of the above

A

16 to 35 %

70
Q

DNA markers are segments of DNA of known chromosomal location, which are highly variable among individuals. Chromosomes 18q and 22q are the two regions with strongest evidence for linkage to bipolar disorder

True
False

A

True

71
Q

The most compelling data indicate that the life event most often associated with development of depression is

losing a parent before age 11 years
the loss of a spouse
unemployment
all of the above

A

losing a parent before age 11 years

72
Q

The environmental stressor most often associated with the onset of an episode of depression is

losing a parent before age 11 years
the loss of a spouse
unemployment
all of the above

A

the loss of a spouse

73
Q

Persons out of work are three times more likely to report symptoms of an episode of major depression than those who are employed

True
False

A

True

74
Q

The psychodynamic understanding of depression defined by Sigmund Freud and expanded by Karl Abraham is known as the classic view of depression. That theory involves four key points. Among these are

disturbances in the infant– mother relationship during the anal phase
depression can be linked to real or imagined object loss
projection of the departed objects is a defense mechanism invoked to deal with the distress connected with the object’s loss
all of the above

A

depression can be linked to real or imagined object loss

75
Q

understood depression as involving the expression of aggression toward loved ones, much as Freud did

Melanie Klein
Edward Bibring
Edith Jacobson
Heinz Kohut

A

Melanie Klein

76
Q

regarded depression as a phenomenon that sets in when a person becomes aware of the discrepancy between extraordinarily high ideals and the inability to meet those goals

Melanie Klein
Edward Bibring
Edith Jacobson
Silvano Arieti

A

Edward Bibring

77
Q

saw the state of depression as similar to a powerless, helpless child victimized by a tormenting parent

Melanie Klein
Edward Bibring
Edith Jacobson
None of the above

A

Edith Jacobson

78
Q

observed that many depressed people have lived their lives for someone else rather than for themselves; referred to the person for whom depressed patients live as the dominant other, which may be a principle, an ideal, or an institution, as well as an individual

Melanie Klein
Edward Bibring
Edith Jacobson
Silvano Arieti

A

Silvano Arieti

79
Q

His conceptualization of depression, derived from his self-psychological theory, rests on the assumption that the developing self has specific needs that must be met by parents to give the child a positive sense of self-esteem and self-cohesion. When others do not meet these needs, there is a massive loss of self-esteem that presents as depression

Silvano Arieti
Heinz Kohut
John Bowlby
Edward Bibring

A

Heinz Kohut

80
Q

He believed that damaged early attachments and traumatic separation in childhood predispose to depression. Adult losses are said to revive the traumatic childhood loss and so precipitate adult depressive episodes

Silvano Arieti
Heinz Kohut
John Bowlby
Edward Bibring

A

John Bowlby

81
Q

Most theories of mania view manic episodes as a defense against underlying depression

True
False

A

True

82
Q

According to cognitive theory, depression results from specific cognitive distortions present in persons susceptible to depression. These distortions are cognitive templates that perceive both internal and external data in ways that are altered by early experiences

depressogenic schemata
hallucinations
delusions
illusions

A

depressogenic schemata

83
Q

This theory of depression connects depressive phenomena to the experience of uncontrollable events

Classical
Learned helplessness
Cognitive
None of the above

A

Learned helplessness

84
Q

Symptom feature of Major Depressive Disorder characterized by severe anhedonia, early morning awakening, weight loss, and profound feelings of guilt (often over trivial events)

With Atypical Features
With Melancholic Features
With Psychotic Features
None of the above

A

With Melancholic Features

85
Q

Percentage of patients with Major Depressive Disorder who commit suicide

10 to 15
15 to 20
20 to 30
None of the above

A

10 to 15

86
Q

The DSM-5 criteria specify that patients with rapid cycling bipolar l disorder must have at least how many episodes within a 12-month period?

2
1
3
4

A

4

87
Q

Hallmark of a manic episode

elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
decreased need for sleep
flight of ideas
increase in goal-directed activity

A

elevated, expansive, or irritable mood

88
Q

Which of the following distinguishes Bipolar ll from Bipolar l Disorder

hypomanic episodes
major depressive episodes
obsessive-compulsive symptoms
none of the above

A

hypomanic episodes

89
Q

As to general description, the most common symptom of depression

generalized psychomotor retardation
hand wringing
hair pulling
none of the above

A

generalized psychomotor retardation

90
Q

A peculiar triangle-shaped fold in the nasal corner of the upper eyelid often associated with depression

Veraguth’s fold
Freud’s fold
Klein’s fold
None of the above

A

Veraguth’s fold

91
Q

About 50 to 75 percent of all depressed patients have a cognitive impairment, sometimes referred to as

Subcortical dementia
Depressive pseudodementia
Alzheimer’s Disease
Huntington’s Disease

A

Depressive pseudodementia

92
Q

An untreated depressive episode lasts

1 to 3 months
3 to 5 months
6 to 13 months
None of the above

A

6 to 13 months

93
Q

An untreated manic episode lasts about

1 week
1 month
3 months
None of the above

A

3 months

94
Q

Bipolar I disorder most often starts with depression

True
False

A

True

95
Q

Most patients experience both depressive and manic episodes, although 10 to 20 percent experience only manic episodes

True
False

A

True

96
Q

percentage of patients with an initial diagnosis of major depressive disorder who develop a manic episode ( usually 6 to 10 years after the first depressive episode)

5 to 10 percent
15 to 20 percent
25 to 30 percent
none of the above

A

5 to 10 percent

97
Q

Characteristics of Anxiety

an alerting signal
warns of impending danger
enables a person to take measures to deal with a threat
all of the above

A

all of the above

98
Q

Fear is a response to a threat that is

known
internal
vague
conflictual

A

known

99
Q

Anxiety is a response to a threat that is

known
external
definite
conflictual

A

conflictual

100
Q

Peripheral manifestation of anxiety

feeling of impending doom
fear of “going crazy”
palpitations
fear of dying

A

palpitations

PSYCHIA 2 (4 decks)

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