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Biology AS > 2C-Cells and The immune system > Flashcards

2C-Cells and The immune system Flashcards

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1
Q

Antigens

A

Protein molecules that generate an immune response and are found on cell surface membrane

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2
Q

Pathogens

A

Organisms that cause disease

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3
Q

Phagocytosis

A

1- phagocyte detects foreign antigen. 2- cytoplasm of phagocyte moves round and engulfs it 3-pathogen contained in phagocytic vacuole. 4- lysosomes fuses with Phagocytic vacuole and lysozymes degrade it. 5- phagocyte becomes antigen presenting cell with pathogens antigens on its cell surface membrane so activates T cells

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4
Q

T- cells

A

-Receptor proteins on surface bond to complemented antigens on antigen presenting cell. - activates T Cell,

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5
Q

Helper T cells

A

Release chemical signals that activate and stimulate phagocyte and cytotoxic T cells

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6
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Kill abnormal and foreign body cells

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7
Q

T cell role

A

1-Helper T cells-release chemical signals that activate and stimulate phagocytes and cytotoxic T cells. 2- cytotoxic T cells kill foreign and abnormal cells. 3-activate B cells that produce antibodies

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8
Q

B cells role

A

1- B cell forms complementary antigen-antibody complex. M2-clonal selection occurs activated by substances released from helper T cells. 3- activated B cells divide into plasma cells via mitosis

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9
Q

Plasma cells are clones of

A

B cells

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10
Q

Plasma cell role

A

Secrete lots of antibodies specifics to the antigen as they are monoclonal antibodies

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11
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Antibodies produced by plasma cells

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12
Q

Agglutination

A

Antibody has 2 binding sites so pathogens become clumped together

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13
Q

Cellular response

A

T cells and immune system cells they interact with

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14
Q

Humoral response

A

B cells , clonal selection and production of monoclonal antibodies

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15
Q

Antibody def

A

Protein produced by B cells in response to a foreign antigen

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16
Q

Clonal selection

A

When B cell divides by mitosis into plasma cells which are genetically identical and secrete monoclonal antibodies

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17
Q

Primary response

A

1-slow not enough B cells to produce antibodies via clonal selection. 2-shows disease symptoms. 3-T and B cells produce memory cells. 4- quick response in secondary infection as person is immune

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18
Q

Memory cells

A

Remain in body for long time and remember specific antigens and produce specific antibodies

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19
Q

Immune

A

Immune system has ability to respond quickly to secondary infection without symptoms showing

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20
Q

Secondary response

A

1- quicker response 2- memory B cells activated, faster clonal selection. 3- memory T cells divide into correct T cells to kill pathogen. 4- before symptoms

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21
Q

Active immunity

A

Immune system makes its own antibodies after being stimulated by an antigen

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22
Q

Active natural immunity

A

Immunity after catching disease

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23
Q

Active artificial immunity

A

Vaccination immunity

24
Q

Passive immunity

A

When given antibodies made by different organism

25
Q

Natural passive immunity

A

Baby immune due to antibodies from mother across placenta or breastmilk

26
Q

Artificial passive immunity

A

Immune after being injected with antibodies form someone else serum

27
Q

Active immunity difference

A

1- antigen exposure required 2-long time for protection to develop 3- memory cells produced 4- long term protection as antibodies produced from memory b

28
Q

Passive immunity difference

A

1- no antigen exposure. 2-immediate protection. 3- no memory cells are produced. 4- short term protection / antibodies given are broken down

29
Q

Herd immunity

A

Vaccine protects unvaccinated people as reduces recurrence of the disease

30
Q

Disadvantage of taking vaccine orally

A

1-Enzymes in gut break down 2- molecules of the vaccine too large to be absorbed into the blood

31
Q

Why are booster vaccines given

A

More memory cells produced

32
Q

Antigenic variation

A

When pathogens antigen changes so it’s tertiary structure so no longer complementary to antibody due to mutation so primary response triggered for same pathogen

33
Q

HIV affects

A

Helper T cells so weakens immune system

34
Q

Latency period of HIV

A

When an infected person won’t experience symptoms

35
Q

Early symptoms of AIDS

A

Minor infections and recurring respiratory infections

36
Q

Middle stages of AIDS

A

1- mun of immune system T cells decrease. 2- serious infections TB

37
Q

Final stages of AIDS

A

1- very low number of immune cells and serious fatal infections cause death

38
Q

Initial infection of HIV virus

A

Severe flu symptoms as replicates and destroys T cells fast

39
Q

HIV structure

A

1-core of genetic RNA material, reverse transcriptase incased in capsid coat. 2-envelope made of membrane from previous host helper T cell 3- attachment proteins on surface

40
Q

HIV replication

A

1- attachment protein attaches to receptor on helper T cell host. 2-capsid released into host in coats and release its genetic material in cytoplasm. 3-reverse transcriptase makes complementary strand of DNA from viral RNA template catalysed by reverse transcriptase. 4-double stranded DNA made and inserted into human DNA. 5-host cell enzymes make viral proteins from viral DNA. 6-viral proteins assemble into new virus and bud from cell taking membrane as envelope to infect new cell. 7-host helper T cell destroyed

41
Q

How to antibiotics kill bacteria

A

District metabolic reactions and target specifically bacterial enzymes and ribosomes

42
Q

Why don’t antibiotics kill host cell

A

Only target bacterial ribosomes and enzymes

43
Q

Why can’t antibiotics e used on vial infections

A

Don’t have enzymes or ribosomes only hijack host cells

44
Q

Antiviral drugs target

A

Viral specific enzymes

45
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Produced from genetically identical B cell plasma cells

46
Q

ELISA means

A

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

47
Q

Role of ELISA test

A

Person has any antibodies to a specific antigen it any antigen to a specific antibody

48
Q

How is elisa test used in medicine

A

Pathogenic infections and allergies anything involving an antibody

49
Q

Allergy def

A

Inappropriate reaction of the immune system to an antigen that shouldn’t trigger a response

50
Q

Direct ELISA difference from indirect

A

Direct- single antibody Indirect- 2 different antibodies

51
Q

Direct ELISA

A

1-Antigens bound to well.from sample of blood 2-detection antibody with attached enzyme binds to complementary antigen(if present)well. 3-well washed out to remove unbound 4-substrate solution added. 5-colour change as enzyme reacts with substrate shows antibody bound -positive antigen

52
Q

How can colour change measure concentration of antibody / antigen in ELISA

A

Measure absorbance of solution and compare value to absorbance if known concentration or that antigen or antibody

53
Q

How could an ELISA test be negative for HIV

A

Antibodies are given to a baby from a HIV infected mother

54
Q

Issues with monoclonal antibodies

A

Animals used to test it

55
Q

Indirect ELISA Test of HIV

A

1- HIV antigen bound to bottom of well plate. 2-blood plasma containing antibodies added and HIV antibodies bond to antigen 3-well washed to remove unbound. 4-secondary antibody with specific enzyme attached added to well. 5-secondary antibody binds to HIV antibody and well washed. 6- solution of substrate added and reacts with enzyme on secondary antibody forming coloured product. 7-colour change -HIV positive

Biology AS (11 decks)

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