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Biology AS > 2C-Cells and The immune system > Flashcards

2C-Cells and The immune system Flashcards

1
Q

Antigens

A

Protein molecules that generate an immune response and are found on cell surface membrane

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2
Q

Pathogens

A

Organisms that cause disease

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3
Q

Phagocytosis

A

1- phagocyte detects foreign antigen. 2- cytoplasm of phagocyte moves round and engulfs it 3-pathogen contained in phagocytic vacuole. 4- lysosomes fuses with Phagocytic vacuole and lysozymes degrade it. 5- phagocyte becomes antigen presenting cell with pathogens antigens on its cell surface membrane so activates T cells

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4
Q

T- cells

A

-Receptor proteins on surface bond to complemented antigens on antigen presenting cell. - activates T Cell,

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5
Q

Helper T cells

A

Release chemical signals that activate and stimulate phagocyte and cytotoxic T cells

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6
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Kill abnormal and foreign body cells

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7
Q

T cell role

A

1-Helper T cells-release chemical signals that activate and stimulate phagocytes and cytotoxic T cells. 2- cytotoxic T cells kill foreign and abnormal cells. 3-activate B cells that produce antibodies

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8
Q

B cells role

A

1- B cell forms complementary antigen-antibody complex. M2-clonal selection occurs activated by substances released from helper T cells. 3- activated B cells divide into plasma cells via mitosis

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9
Q

Plasma cells are clones of

A

B cells

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10
Q

Plasma cell role

A

Secrete lots of antibodies specifics to the antigen as they are monoclonal antibodies

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11
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Antibodies produced by plasma cells

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12
Q

Agglutination

A

Antibody has 2 binding sites so pathogens become clumped together

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13
Q

Cellular response

A

T cells and immune system cells they interact with

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14
Q

Humoral response

A

B cells , clonal selection and production of monoclonal antibodies

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15
Q

Antibody def

A

Protein produced by B cells in response to a foreign antigen

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16
Q

Clonal selection

A

When B cell divides by mitosis into plasma cells which are genetically identical and secrete monoclonal antibodies

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17
Q

Primary response

A

1-slow not enough B cells to produce antibodies via clonal selection. 2-shows disease symptoms. 3-T and B cells produce memory cells. 4- quick response in secondary infection as person is immune

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18
Q

Memory cells

A

Remain in body for long time and remember specific antigens and produce specific antibodies

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19
Q

Immune

A

Immune system has ability to respond quickly to secondary infection without symptoms showing

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20
Q

Secondary response

A

1- quicker response 2- memory B cells activated, faster clonal selection. 3- memory T cells divide into correct T cells to kill pathogen. 4- before symptoms

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21
Q

Active immunity

A

Immune system makes its own antibodies after being stimulated by an antigen

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22
Q

Active natural immunity

A

Immunity after catching disease

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23
Q

Active artificial immunity

A

Vaccination immunity

24
Q

Passive immunity

A

When given antibodies made by different organism

25
Natural passive immunity
Baby immune due to antibodies from mother across placenta or breastmilk
26
Artificial passive immunity
Immune after being injected with antibodies form someone else serum
27
Active immunity difference
1- antigen exposure required 2-long time for protection to develop 3- memory cells produced 4- long term protection as antibodies produced from memory b
28
Passive immunity difference
1- no antigen exposure. 2-immediate protection. 3- no memory cells are produced. 4- short term protection / antibodies given are broken down
29
Herd immunity
Vaccine protects unvaccinated people as reduces recurrence of the disease
30
Disadvantage of taking vaccine orally
1-Enzymes in gut break down 2- molecules of the vaccine too large to be absorbed into the blood
31
Why are booster vaccines given
More memory cells produced
32
Antigenic variation
When pathogens antigen changes so it's tertiary structure so no longer complementary to antibody due to mutation so primary response triggered for same pathogen
33
HIV affects
Helper T cells so weakens immune system
34
Latency period of HIV
When an infected person won't experience symptoms
35
Early symptoms of AIDS
Minor infections and recurring respiratory infections
36
Middle stages of AIDS
1- mun of immune system T cells decrease. 2- serious infections TB
37
Final stages of AIDS
1- very low number of immune cells and serious fatal infections cause death
38
Initial infection of HIV virus
Severe flu symptoms as replicates and destroys T cells fast
39
HIV structure
1-core of genetic RNA material, reverse transcriptase incased in capsid coat. 2-envelope made of membrane from previous host helper T cell 3- attachment proteins on surface
40
HIV replication
1- attachment protein attaches to receptor on helper T cell host. 2-capsid released into host in coats and release its genetic material in cytoplasm. 3-reverse transcriptase makes complementary strand of DNA from viral RNA template catalysed by reverse transcriptase. 4-double stranded DNA made and inserted into human DNA. 5-host cell enzymes make viral proteins from viral DNA. 6-viral proteins assemble into new virus and bud from cell taking membrane as envelope to infect new cell. 7-host helper T cell destroyed
41
How to antibiotics kill bacteria
District metabolic reactions and target specifically bacterial enzymes and ribosomes
42
Why don't antibiotics kill host cell
Only target bacterial ribosomes and enzymes
43
Why can't antibiotics e used on vial infections
Don't have enzymes or ribosomes only hijack host cells
44
Antiviral drugs target
Viral specific enzymes
45
Monoclonal antibodies
Produced from genetically identical B cell plasma cells
46
ELISA means
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
47
Role of ELISA test
Person has any antibodies to a specific antigen it any antigen to a specific antibody
48
How is elisa test used in medicine
Pathogenic infections and allergies anything involving an antibody
49
Allergy def
Inappropriate reaction of the immune system to an antigen that shouldn't trigger a response
50
Direct ELISA difference from indirect
Direct- single antibody Indirect- 2 different antibodies
51
Direct ELISA
1-Antigens bound to well.from sample of blood 2-detection antibody with attached enzyme binds to complementary antigen(if present)well. 3-well washed out to remove unbound 4-substrate solution added. 5-colour change as enzyme reacts with substrate shows antibody bound -positive antigen
52
How can colour change measure concentration of antibody / antigen in ELISA
Measure absorbance of solution and compare value to absorbance if known concentration or that antigen or antibody
53
How could an ELISA test be negative for HIV
Antibodies are given to a baby from a HIV infected mother
54
Issues with monoclonal antibodies
Animals used to test it
55
Indirect ELISA Test of HIV
1- HIV antigen bound to bottom of well plate. 2-blood plasma containing antibodies added and HIV antibodies bond to antigen 3-well washed to remove unbound. 4-secondary antibody with specific enzyme attached added to well. 5-secondary antibody binds to HIV antibody and well washed. 6- solution of substrate added and reacts with enzyme on secondary antibody forming coloured product. 7-colour change -HIV positive

Biology AS (11 decks)

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