2A-Cell Structure and Division Flashcards
Prokaryotic cells
Single celled organisms virus
Eukaryotic cells
Multi celled organisms animal plant algal and fungi
Plant cells extra organelles
1- cell wall- made of cellulose with plasmodesmata 2- vacuole 3-chloroplasts
Algal cell difference from plants
1- can be unicellular or multicellular 2- different shaped/sized chloroplast
Fugal cells difference
1- cells walls made of chitin instead of cellulose 2-no chloroplasts as don’t photosynthesis eg mushrooms
Cell surface membrane description
Made of lipids and proteins
Cell surface membrane function
1-Regulates movements of substances that enter or leave the cell 2- receptor molecules allow response to chemicals like hormones
Nucleus description
1- surrounded by nuclear envelope with nuclear pores. 2-chromatin and chromosomes 3-nucleolus
Nucleus function
1-Controls transcription and instructions to make DNA. 2- nucleolus makes ribosomes 3-pores lets mRNA leave
Mitochondria description
1-double membrane inner folded to form cristae 2-matrix contains enzymes involved in respiration
Function of mitochondria
1- aerobic respiration. 2-found in large numbers of very active cells
Chloroplast description
1-Double membrane 2-thylakoid membranes stacked up in chloroplast to form grana linked by lamellae
Chloroplast function
Photosynthesis occurs 1-light dependent occurs in thylakoid membrane. 2- light independent occurs in stroma
Golgi apparatus
1-Processes and packages new lipids and proteins 2-makes lysosomes
Golgi vesicle
Stores lipids and proteins made by Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell
Lysosomes
1- Golgi vessel that contains lysozymes- to digest foreign cells and worn out cells
Ribosome structure
Made of proteins and RNA and floats free or attached to RER
Ribosome function
Site where proteins are made
RER structure
Covered with ribosomes
RER function
Folds and processed proteins made at ribosomes
SER function
Synthesises and processes lipids
Cell wall structure
Plants and algae - made of cellulose. Fungi- chitin
Cell wall function
Supports cells and prevents them from changing shape
Cell vacuole function
1- maintain cell pressure and keep rigid 2- tonoplast membrane- isolates unwanted chemicals in cell
Adaptions of sperm cells
1- lots of mitochondria - provide ATP so energy to move toward the egg.
Adaptions of epithelial cells
1- microvilli increase surface area. 2-lots of mitochondria provide energy for active transport 3-thin membrane short pathway
Red blood cells adaptations
No nucleus increase area for o2 to bind Flat larger surface area
Components of prokaryotic cell
1- cytoplasm 2-cell surface membrane 3- cell wall 4- ribosomes 5-capsule of slime 6-plasmids 7- free floating DNA 8- flagellum
Flagellum function
Rotates to make prokaryotic cell move
Free floating DNA in prokaryotes
Circular DNA in one strand super coiled and contains no histones
Plasmids
Loops of DNA contain genes and passed between prokaryotes