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Biology AS > 2A-Cell Structure and Division > Flashcards

2A-Cell Structure and Division Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Single celled organisms virus

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2
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Multi celled organisms animal plant algal and fungi

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3
Q

Plant cells extra organelles

A

1- cell wall- made of cellulose with plasmodesmata 2- vacuole 3-chloroplasts

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4
Q

Algal cell difference from plants

A

1- can be unicellular or multicellular 2- different shaped/sized chloroplast

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5
Q

Fugal cells difference

A

1- cells walls made of chitin instead of cellulose 2-no chloroplasts as don’t photosynthesis eg mushrooms

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6
Q

Cell surface membrane description

A

Made of lipids and proteins

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7
Q

Cell surface membrane function

A

1-Regulates movements of substances that enter or leave the cell 2- receptor molecules allow response to chemicals like hormones

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8
Q

Nucleus description

A

1- surrounded by nuclear envelope with nuclear pores. 2-chromatin and chromosomes 3-nucleolus

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9
Q

Nucleus function

A

1-Controls transcription and instructions to make DNA. 2- nucleolus makes ribosomes 3-pores lets mRNA leave

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10
Q

Mitochondria description

A

1-double membrane inner folded to form cristae 2-matrix contains enzymes involved in respiration

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11
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

1- aerobic respiration. 2-found in large numbers of very active cells

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12
Q

Chloroplast description

A

1-Double membrane 2-thylakoid membranes stacked up in chloroplast to form grana linked by lamellae

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13
Q

Chloroplast function

A

Photosynthesis occurs 1-light dependent occurs in thylakoid membrane. 2- light independent occurs in stroma

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14
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

1-Processes and packages new lipids and proteins 2-makes lysosomes

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15
Q

Golgi vesicle

A

Stores lipids and proteins made by Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell

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16
Q

Lysosomes

A

1- Golgi vessel that contains lysozymes- to digest foreign cells and worn out cells

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17
Q

Ribosome structure

A

Made of proteins and RNA and floats free or attached to RER

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18
Q

Ribosome function

A

Site where proteins are made

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19
Q

RER structure

A

Covered with ribosomes

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20
Q

RER function

A

Folds and processed proteins made at ribosomes

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21
Q

SER function

A

Synthesises and processes lipids

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22
Q

Cell wall structure

A

Plants and algae - made of cellulose. Fungi- chitin

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23
Q

Cell wall function

A

Supports cells and prevents them from changing shape

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24
Q

Cell vacuole function

A

1- maintain cell pressure and keep rigid 2- tonoplast membrane- isolates unwanted chemicals in cell

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25
Adaptions of sperm cells
1- lots of mitochondria - provide ATP so energy to move toward the egg.
26
Adaptions of epithelial cells
1- microvilli increase surface area. 2-lots of mitochondria provide energy for active transport 3-thin membrane short pathway
27
Red blood cells adaptations
No nucleus increase area for o2 to bind Flat larger surface area
28
Components of prokaryotic cell
1- cytoplasm 2-cell surface membrane 3- cell wall 4- ribosomes 5-capsule of slime 6-plasmids 7- free floating DNA 8- flagellum
29
Flagellum function
Rotates to make prokaryotic cell move
30
Free floating DNA in prokaryotes
Circular DNA in one strand super coiled and contains no histones
31
Plasmids
Loops of DNA contain genes and passed between prokaryotes
32
Capsule of secreted slime
Protect from immune system response
33
Cell wall of prokaryotic cell
Made of glycoproteins murein
34
Prokaryotic cell replication
Binary fission
35
Binary fission process
1-circular DNA/ plasmid replicate - DNA once plasmids multi 2- cell gets bigger and loops move to opposite poles 3-cytoplasm divides. 4- 2 daughter cells with one copy of DNA but variable plasmid numbers
36
Difference of prokaryotic to eukaryotic
1-cytoplasm has no membrane bound organelles 2-smaller ribosomes 3- free floating DNA instead nucleus and no associated proteins. 4-murein glycoprotein cell wall 5- 1 or more plasmids. 6-capsule of slime. 7-flagella
37
Structure of virus
1- core of genetic material DNA or RNA. 2- capsid coat protein 3-attachment proteins
38
Viral replication
1- virus attached to receptor protein of host cell 2-genetic material released into host cell 3-genetic material and proteins replicated by host cell machinery 4-viral components assemble. 5-replicated virus released from host cell
39
Magnification calculation
Magnification = size of image / size of real object
40
Magnification def
How much bigger an image is than the specimen itself
41
Resolution
How well a microscope can distinguish between 2 points that are close together
42
Microscope can't distinguish between objects that are smaller than
It's max resolution
43
Optical microscope
Light to form images
44
Advantages of using light microscope
1- can be used on living organisms as no vacuum 2-Cheap to buy and operate. 3-small and portable. 4-natural colour of specimen shown. 5-simple preparation using temporary mount specimen suspended in drop. 6- specimens unaffected by magnetic field
45
Disadvantages of optical microscopes
1- preparation may distort specimen 2- small magnification of x1500. 3-small resolution can't show lysosomes ER or ribosomes as smaller than wavelength of light
46
Transition electron microscope
- electromagnets focus beam of electrons which is transmitted through specimen. -denser parts absorb more electrons so appear darker
47
Scanning electron microscopes
-scan beam of electrons across specimen - knocks of electrons from specimen that gather at cathode ray tube forming image
48
Advantages of TEMS
Give high resolution images so show small objects
49
Disadvantages of TEMS
Only used on thin specimens -only used on non living specimens.
50
Advantages of SEMs.
- used on thick specimens -3D images
51
Disadvantages of SEMs
-give lower resolution images than TEMs. - only non living specimens as vacuum
52
Preparation of temporary mount
1-drop of liquid to slide 2- place thin 1 cell thick specimen on drop. 3-add drop of stain to highlight cell. 4- cover with glass slip without getting air bubbles
53
Microscope artefact
Parts seen through microscope that aren't part of the specimen you are observing
54
How to distinguish artefacts from specimen
Prepare specimen is different ways
55
Cell fractionation
1- homogenisation. 2-filtration. 3-ultracentrifugation
56
Homogenisation
-Vibrating cells or grinding them up in a blender to release organelles into a solution
57
Conditions of solution in cell fractionation
1- ice cold- reduce enzyme activity that breakdown organelles. 2-isotonic - prevent organelle damage via osmosis. 3-buffer solution- maintain optimum pH
58
Filtration in cell fractionation
Filtered though gauze to remove large cell and tissue debris like connective tissue
59
Ultracentrifugation
1-Tube of liquid spun in centrifuge at low speed 2-heaviest organelles form thick sediment at bottom pellet. 3-supernatant drained and centrifuge spun at higher speeds 4- repeated at higher speeds and smallest organelles gather at pellet at smaller speeds
60
Order of organelles size
Naughty clever monkeys like eating red raspberries. Nuclei, chloroplasts, mitochondria, lysosomes, ER, ribosomes
61
Supernatant
Organelles suspended in the isotonic ice cold, optimum pH solution in centrifuge
62
Cell cycle stages
1-Mitosis2-gp1 3-synthesis 4-gp2
63
Gap phase 1
1- cell grows. 2 - new proteins and organelles made.
64
Synthesis
- cell replicates DNA for mitosis division
65
Gap phase 2
1-cell grows. 2-proteins needed for cell division made
66
Interphase steps
Gap phase 1 , synthesis , gap phase 2
67
Mitosis
Part of cell cycle -eukaryotic cell divides producing genetically identical daughter cells with DNA from parent cell that's identical
68
Interphase
1- DNA unraveled and replicated doubling genetic content. 2- Organelles replicated. 3-ATP content increased- energy for cell division
69
Prophase
1- chromosomes condense 2-centrioles move to opposite ends of the pole forming spindle fibre network. 3- Nuclear envelope breaks down
70
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up along the equator and attach to spindle fibre via centromeres
71
Anaphase
1-centromeres divide separating each pair of sister chromatids. 2- spindles contract pulling sister chromatids to opposite ends of the pole centromere first
72
Telophase
1- chromatids reach opposite ends of the poles 2-uncoil becoming chromosomes 3- nuclear envelope forms around each chromosomes group 4- cytokinesis occurs 5- 2 genetically identical daughter cells 6- daughter cells begin interphase
73
During interphase the cell still carries out
Normal functions
74
Binary fission in prokaryotic cells invoked
Replication of circular DNA and plasmids and division of cytoplasm to form 2 daughter cells with 1 copy of circular DNA and variable copies of plasmids
75
Mitosis index
Number of cells with visible chromosomes/ total number of cells observed
76
High mitotic index could mean
1- growing cells- root tips. 2-tissue repairs occurring. 3- cancerous growth
77
How does chemotherapy affect Gap phase 1
1- Prevent synthesis of enzymes need for DNA replication 2-cell can't enter synthesis phase so disrupts cycle causing cell to kill itself
78
How does radiation affect s phase
Damage DNA so DNA not replicated and cell kills itself

Biology AS (11 decks)

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