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PSYCO 105 > 2B language and thinking > Flashcards

2B language and thinking Flashcards

1
Q

what are 2 main brain areas associated with language

A
  1. Broca’s area

2. Wernicke’s area

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2
Q

what happened when patient Tan damaged Broca’s area

A

aphasia

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3
Q

what is Broca’s aphasia / non fluent aphasia

A

difficulty with motor production of language

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4
Q

what is language production predominantly controlled by

A

left hemisphere

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5
Q

where is Broca’s area

A

frontal lobe

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6
Q

where is Wernicke’s area

A

temporal lobe

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7
Q

how does Wernicke’s aphasia compare to Broca’s aphasia

A
  • no difficult with motor production of language

- communication lacks meaning

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8
Q

what is function of Wernicke’s area

A
  1. organize intended speech

2. project intended speech to Broca’s area

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9
Q

what is function of temporal lobe

A

differentiate sensical sounds from non sensical sounds

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10
Q

what is phoneme

A

smallest unit of sound

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11
Q

what is morpheme

A

smallest unit of language comprehension

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12
Q

what is semantic network

A

network of words or concepts that are semantically similar

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13
Q

what does semantic network display

A

idea of overlapping definitions for same word (ex bird)

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14
Q

what are 2 methods for classifying objects

A
  1. item by item

2. family relatedness

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15
Q

what does family relatedness involve

A

deciding how similar or dissimilar object is to other members of category we believe object to belong to

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16
Q

what is prototype

A

most common form word assumes when we imagine it

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17
Q

what is Sapir Whorf hypothesis / linguistic relativity

A

language can influence one’s interpretation of reality

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18
Q

how does linguistic relativity manifest for colours

A

diff words for diff shades influences our interpretations

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19
Q

how does language influence how we perceive time

A
  • English ==> time spoke about in horizontal terms, time perceived as horizontal
  • Mandarin ==> time spoken in vertical terms, time perceived as vertical
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20
Q

how did spatial recognition tasks provide evidence that language influences our perception of reality

A
  • those that describe location objectively had better performance
  • those that describe location subjectively had worse performance
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21
Q

what does language processing contribute to

A
  1. reasoning

2. navigation

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22
Q

what happens if language processing disrupted

A

impaired performance on reasoning and navigational tasks

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23
Q

what 2 states involved in problem solving

A
  1. initial

2. end goal

24
Q

what is applied to get from initial state to end goal

A

problem solving strategies

25
Q

what is mental set

A

expectation of how to solve problem

26
Q

what is problem with mental set

A

limit ability to solve new problems

27
Q

what is functional fixedness

A
  • view object as having one function

- fail to view object as having other functions

28
Q

what is algorithm

A

precise set of rules used to solve problem

29
Q

what is brute force tactic used by AI

A

going through every possible solution

30
Q

what is limitation of brute force

A
  1. time consuming

2. impractical

31
Q

what is heuristic

A

shortcut used to solve problem

32
Q

what do heuristics allow in CS

A

limit brute force searching

33
Q

how do heuristics limit brute force searching

A

select solutions that may not be the best but are good enough

34
Q

what is means-end heuristic

A
  1. problem solver envisions desired end state

2. problem solver takes what ever measures are necessary to reach end state

35
Q

what is representative heuristic

A

problem solver mentally compares something to stored prototype

36
Q

what is benefit of applying representative heuristic

A

solve problems faster

37
Q

what is limitation of applying representative heuristic (2)

A
  • make errors

- ignore baseline info

38
Q

what is availability heuristic

A
  • making judgements based on how easily event or memory comes to mind
39
Q

what is first step of creative process

A
  1. preparation
40
Q

what happens in preparation step of creative process

A

gathering knowledge

41
Q

what is second step of creative process

A

incubation

42
Q

what happens in incubation

A
  • put idea in back of mind

- work on something that is unrelated

43
Q

what does incubation facilitate (2)

A
  • processing information

- making connections

44
Q

what is third stage of creative process

A

illumination

45
Q

what happens during illumination

A

creative solution suddenly comes

46
Q

what is conformation bias

A
  • paying attention to information that supports our existing beliefs
  • not paying attention to information that does not support our existing beliefs
47
Q

what does framing refer to

A

how options are presented

48
Q

what is causing our decision making to be bias

A
  1. framing
  2. humans not aware of forces acting on their choices
  3. humans are not aware of their actual preferences
49
Q

what does intuition rely on

A
  • reliance on memory

- reliance on experience

50
Q

what allows us to make intuitive decisions

A

tapping into mental lexicon

51
Q

what does system 1 thinking rely on

A
  1. emotional systems

2. experiences

52
Q

what does cognitive reflection test assess

A

likelihood that person will abandon heuristics based decisions

53
Q

what does system 2 rely on

A

logic

54
Q

what is synonym for system 1 and system 2

A
  • system 1 ==> intuition

- system 2 ==> rational

55
Q

a what happens when language processing disrupted during cognitive task

b what does language processing help with

A

a. compromise performance

b. using system 2

PSYCO 105 (6 decks)

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