2B language and thinking Flashcards
what are 2 main brain areas associated with language
- Broca’s area
2. Wernicke’s area
what happened when patient Tan damaged Broca’s area
aphasia
what is Broca’s aphasia / non fluent aphasia
difficulty with motor production of language
what is language production predominantly controlled by
left hemisphere
where is Broca’s area
frontal lobe
where is Wernicke’s area
temporal lobe
how does Wernicke’s aphasia compare to Broca’s aphasia
- no difficult with motor production of language
- communication lacks meaning
what is function of Wernicke’s area
- organize intended speech
2. project intended speech to Broca’s area
what is function of temporal lobe
differentiate sensical sounds from non sensical sounds
what is phoneme
smallest unit of sound
what is morpheme
smallest unit of language comprehension
what is semantic network
network of words or concepts that are semantically similar
what does semantic network display
idea of overlapping definitions for same word (ex bird)
what are 2 methods for classifying objects
- item by item
2. family relatedness
what does family relatedness involve
deciding how similar or dissimilar object is to other members of category we believe object to belong to
what is prototype
most common form word assumes when we imagine it
what is Sapir Whorf hypothesis / linguistic relativity
language can influence one’s interpretation of reality
how does linguistic relativity manifest for colours
diff words for diff shades influences our interpretations
how does language influence how we perceive time
- English ==> time spoke about in horizontal terms, time perceived as horizontal
- Mandarin ==> time spoken in vertical terms, time perceived as vertical
how did spatial recognition tasks provide evidence that language influences our perception of reality
- those that describe location objectively had better performance
- those that describe location subjectively had worse performance
what does language processing contribute to
- reasoning
2. navigation
what happens if language processing disrupted
impaired performance on reasoning and navigational tasks
what 2 states involved in problem solving
- initial
2. end goal
what is applied to get from initial state to end goal
problem solving strategies
what is mental set
expectation of how to solve problem
what is problem with mental set
limit ability to solve new problems
what is functional fixedness
- view object as having one function
- fail to view object as having other functions
what is algorithm
precise set of rules used to solve problem
what is brute force tactic used by AI
going through every possible solution
what is limitation of brute force
- time consuming
2. impractical
what is heuristic
shortcut used to solve problem
what do heuristics allow in CS
limit brute force searching
how do heuristics limit brute force searching
select solutions that may not be the best but are good enough
what is means-end heuristic
- problem solver envisions desired end state
2. problem solver takes what ever measures are necessary to reach end state
what is representative heuristic
problem solver mentally compares something to stored prototype
what is benefit of applying representative heuristic
solve problems faster
what is limitation of applying representative heuristic (2)
- make errors
- ignore baseline info
what is availability heuristic
- making judgements based on how easily event or memory comes to mind
what is first step of creative process
- preparation
what happens in preparation step of creative process
gathering knowledge
what is second step of creative process
incubation
what happens in incubation
- put idea in back of mind
- work on something that is unrelated
what does incubation facilitate (2)
- processing information
- making connections
what is third stage of creative process
illumination
what happens during illumination
creative solution suddenly comes
what is conformation bias
- paying attention to information that supports our existing beliefs
- not paying attention to information that does not support our existing beliefs
what does framing refer to
how options are presented
what is causing our decision making to be bias
- framing
- humans not aware of forces acting on their choices
- humans are not aware of their actual preferences
what does intuition rely on
- reliance on memory
- reliance on experience
what allows us to make intuitive decisions
tapping into mental lexicon
what does system 1 thinking rely on
- emotional systems
2. experiences
what does cognitive reflection test assess
likelihood that person will abandon heuristics based decisions
what does system 2 rely on
logic
what is synonym for system 1 and system 2
- system 1 ==> intuition
- system 2 ==> rational
a what happens when language processing disrupted during cognitive task
b what does language processing help with
a. compromise performance
b. using system 2
