2B language and thinking

Question 1

what are 2 main brain areas associated with language

Answer 1

1. Broca’s area

2. Wernicke’s area

Question 2

what happened when patient Tan damaged Broca’s area

Answer 2

aphasia

Question 3

what is Broca’s aphasia / non fluent aphasia

Answer 3

difficulty with motor production of language

Question 4

what is language production predominantly controlled by

Answer 4

left hemisphere

Question 5

where is Broca’s area

Answer 5

frontal lobe

Question 6

where is Wernicke’s area

Answer 6

temporal lobe

Question 7

how does Wernicke’s aphasia compare to Broca’s aphasia

Answer 7

• no difficult with motor production of language

- communication lacks meaning

Question 8

what is function of Wernicke’s area

Answer 8

1. organize intended speech

2. project intended speech to Broca’s area

Question 9

what is function of temporal lobe

Answer 9

differentiate sensical sounds from non sensical sounds

Question 10

what is phoneme

Answer 10

smallest unit of sound

Question 11

what is morpheme

Answer 11

smallest unit of language comprehension

Question 12

what is semantic network

Answer 12

network of words or concepts that are semantically similar

Question 13

what does semantic network display

Answer 13

idea of overlapping definitions for same word (ex bird)

Question 14

what are 2 methods for classifying objects

Answer 14

1. item by item

2. family relatedness

Question 15

what does family relatedness involve

Answer 15

deciding how similar or dissimilar object is to other members of category we believe object to belong to

Question 16

what is prototype

Answer 16

most common form word assumes when we imagine it

Question 17

what is Sapir Whorf hypothesis / linguistic relativity

Answer 17

language can influence one’s interpretation of reality

Question 18

how does linguistic relativity manifest for colours

Answer 18

diff words for diff shades influences our interpretations

Question 19

how does language influence how we perceive time

Answer 19

• English ==> time spoke about in horizontal terms, time perceived as horizontal
• Mandarin ==> time spoken in vertical terms, time perceived as vertical

Question 20

how did spatial recognition tasks provide evidence that language influences our perception of reality

Answer 20

• those that describe location objectively had better performance
• those that describe location subjectively had worse performance

Question 21

what does language processing contribute to

Answer 21

1. reasoning

2. navigation

Question 22

what happens if language processing disrupted

Answer 22

impaired performance on reasoning and navigational tasks

Question 23

what 2 states involved in problem solving

Answer 23

1. initial

2. end goal

Question 24

what is applied to get from initial state to end goal

Answer 24

problem solving strategies

Question 25

what is mental set

Answer 25

expectation of how to solve problem

Question 26

what is problem with mental set

Answer 26

limit ability to solve new problems

Question 27

what is functional fixedness

Answer 27

- view object as having one function | - fail to view object as having other functions

Question 28

what is algorithm

Answer 28

precise set of rules used to solve problem

Question 29

what is brute force tactic used by AI

Answer 29

going through every possible solution

Question 30

what is limitation of brute force

Answer 30

1. time consuming | 2. impractical

Question 31

what is heuristic

Answer 31

shortcut used to solve problem

Question 32

what do heuristics allow in CS

Answer 32

limit brute force searching

Question 33

how do heuristics limit brute force searching

Answer 33

select solutions that may not be the best but are good enough

Question 34

what is means-end heuristic

Answer 34

1. problem solver envisions desired end state | 2. problem solver takes what ever measures are necessary to reach end state

Question 35

what is representative heuristic

Answer 35

problem solver mentally compares something to stored prototype

Question 36

what is benefit of applying representative heuristic

Answer 36

solve problems faster

Question 37

what is limitation of applying representative heuristic (2)

Answer 37

- make errors | - ignore baseline info

Question 38

what is availability heuristic

Answer 38

- making judgements based on how easily event or memory comes to mind

Question 39

what is first step of creative process

Answer 39

1. preparation

Question 40

what happens in preparation step of creative process

Answer 40

gathering knowledge

Question 41

what is second step of creative process

Answer 41

incubation

Question 42

what happens in incubation

Answer 42

- put idea in back of mind | - work on something that is unrelated

Question 43

what does incubation facilitate (2)

Answer 43

- processing information | - making connections

Question 44

what is third stage of creative process

Answer 44

illumination

Question 45

what happens during illumination

Answer 45

creative solution suddenly comes

Question 46

what is conformation bias

Answer 46

- paying attention to information that supports our existing beliefs - not paying attention to information that does not support our existing beliefs

Question 47

what does framing refer to

Answer 47

how options are presented

Question 48

what is causing our decision making to be bias

Answer 48

1. framing 2. humans not aware of forces acting on their choices 3. humans are not aware of their actual preferences

Question 49

what does intuition rely on

Answer 49

- reliance on memory | - reliance on experience

Question 50

what allows us to make intuitive decisions

Answer 50

tapping into mental lexicon

Question 51

what does system 1 thinking rely on

Answer 51

1. emotional systems | 2. experiences

Question 52

what does cognitive reflection test assess

Answer 52

likelihood that person will abandon heuristics based decisions

Question 53

what does system 2 rely on

Answer 53

logic

Question 54

what is synonym for system 1 and system 2

Answer 54

- system 1 ==> intuition | - system 2 ==> rational

Question 55

a what happens when language processing disrupted during cognitive task b what does language processing help with

Answer 55

a. compromise performance | b. using system 2