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PSYCO 105 > 1 methods > Flashcards

1 methods Flashcards

1
Q

how did people used to approach questions about the mind

A

rationalism

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2
Q

what is rationalism

A
  • using logical argument to acquire knowledge

- not using experience to acquire knowledge

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3
Q

what is limitation of rationalism

A

how we behave DIFF from how we think we behave

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4
Q

what is scientific theory

A

rational explanations to describe behaviour

rational explanations to predict behaviour

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5
Q

SCIENTIFIC METHOD what are 6 steps of scientific method

A
  1. identify problem
  2. gather info
  3. generate hypothesis
  4. design experiments + conduct experiments
  5. analyze data + form conclusions
  6. restart process
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6
Q

SCIENTIFIC METHOD what is problem based on (4)

A
  1. observation
  2. previous research
  3. theory
  4. intuition
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7
Q

SCIENTIFIC METHOD what does gather information mean (2)

A
  1. review scientific literature

2. examine existing theories

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8
Q

SCIENTIFIC METHOD what is hypothesis

A

educated prediction about outcome of experiment

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9
Q

SCIENTIFIC METHOD what is purpose of designing experiment (2)

A
  1. test hypothesis

2. collect data

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10
Q

what is purpose of analyzing data / forming conclusions SCIENTIFIC METHOD

A

determine if findings support hypothesis

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11
Q

SCIENTIFIC METHOD what if findings support hypothesis

A
  • evidence can support hypothesis

- evidence cannot prove hypothesis to be true

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12
Q

SCIENTIFIC METHOD why can’t evidence prove hypothesis to be true

A

new evidence may go against hypothesis

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13
Q

SCIENTIFIC METHOD what are descriptive methods

A

any means of describing a group

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14
Q

SCIENTIFIC METHOD what is / isn’t being identified by descriptive methods

A
  • is being identified ==> what is

- isn’t being identified ==> why is

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15
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is naturalistic observation

A

observing behaviour as it occurs in natural environment

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16
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is diff bw naturalistic observation and field experiment

A

naturalistic ==> do no manipulate conditions (wild)

field experiment ==> do manipulate conditions (zoo)

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17
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is Hawthorne effect

A

Changing behaviour as a result of becoming aware of observer

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18
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what are limitations of naturalistic observation

A
  1. reactivity
  2. reliability
  3. researcher bias
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19
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS why is reliability a limitation of naturalistic observation

A

lack of control over variables

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20
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is result of lack of control over variables

A

unsure what is influencing behaviour

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21
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is participant observation

A

researcher becomes part of group being investigated

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22
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what are limitations of participant observation

A
  1. reactivity
  2. reliability
  3. researcher bas
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23
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is reliability

A

repeatability of research findings

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24
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what are case studies

A

in depth analysis of unique circumstance or person

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25
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what limitation do naturalistic observation, participant observation, and case studies have in common

A

observations cannot be generalized to entire pop

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26
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is purpose of surveys

A
  1. collect information about people’s opinions

2. collect information about people’s attitudes

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27
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is population

A

every single member of group

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28
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is sample

A

subset of pop

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29
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is sampling error

A

sample unrepresentative of pop

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30
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is wording effect

A

wording on surveys influences responses

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31
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what are 4 biases related to surveys

A
  1. response bias
  2. acquiescent response bias
  3. socially desirable bias
  4. volunteer bias
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32
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is response bias

A

answering how you feel you are expected to answer

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33
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is acquiscent response bias

A

answering “yes” to all items randomly

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34
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is volunteer bias

A

when only motivated fraction of pop respond to survey

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35
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is illusory superiority

A

tendency to describe behaviour as better than average

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36
Q

RESEARCH ETHICS what are research ethics

A

standards of behaviour for psychologists doing research

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37
Q

RESEARCH ETHICS what are 5 general ethical principles of psychologists

A

1 beneficence + non maleficence

  1. fidelity + responsibility
  2. integrity
  3. justice
  4. respect for people’s rights and dignity
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38
Q

RESEARCH ETHICS what does beneficence and non maleficence involve

A
  1. cost benefit ratio

2. protection

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39
Q

RESEARCH ETHICS what does fidelity and responsibility involve (2)

A
  1. participants trusting experimenters

2. participants trusting that they will hear about risks

40
Q

RESEARCH ETHICS what does integrity involve

A

researchers reporting data honestly

41
Q

RESEARCH ETHICS what does justice involve (2)

A

(1) researcher must not deny person of benefits of participating in study
(2) researchers must not limit participation for reasons unrelated to study

42
Q

RESEARCH ETHICS what type of individuals should be chosen to be participants in research

A

participants that will benefit from outcomes of research

43
Q

RESEARCH ETHICS what is eligibility criteria

A

attributes of participants that will allow them to contribute to research question meaningfully

44
Q

RESEARCH ETHICS what does respect for people’s rights and dignity involve

A

(1) researchers keeping data confidential

(2) researchers making it clear participants can drop whenever

45
Q

what is Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A

committee that assesses whether research will be carried out in way that is consistent with ethical principles

46
Q

what is informed consent

A

participants agree to participate after all details are given

47
Q

what ethical principle is related to informed consent

A

respect for people’s right’s and dignity

48
Q

what is vulnerable pop

A

unable to provide informed consent

49
Q

what criteria makes person vulnerable (2)

A
  1. decisional impairment or

2. situaltional vulnerability

50
Q

what is decisional impairment

A

participants have reduced ability to provide informed consent

51
Q

what is situational vulnerability

A

participants freedom of choice compromised by external source

52
Q

how should researchers deal with participants with decisional impairment

A
  1. obtain informed consent from guardian (guardian “ok”)

2. obtain assent from vulnerable participant

53
Q

how should researcher deal with situational vulnerability

A

protect from exploitation

54
Q

what is deception

A

holding back information about purpose and procedures during informed consent process

55
Q

what criteria is required for deception to be approved (3)

A
  1. researchers should not cause emotional or physical discomfort to participants
  2. researches should prove deception is only way to conduct study
  3. deception should not affect well being of participants throughout study
  4. deception should not affect rights of participants throughout study
56
Q

when is correlation used

A

when descriptive methods used

57
Q

what is correlation

A

measure that captures direction + strength of relationship between 2 variables

58
Q

what is pos correlation

A
  • when one variable increases other increases

- when one variable decreases other decreases

59
Q

what is neg correlation

A
  • when one variable increases other decreases
60
Q

what is zero correlation

A

2 variables unrelated

61
Q

what is strength of correlation referring to

A

how points cluster around line of best fit

62
Q

what is correlation coefficient

A

value representing strength of relationship

63
Q

what is range for correlation coefficient

A

+1 to -1

64
Q

what does it mean the closer r is to 1

A

stronger relationship

65
Q

what does it mean that closer r is to zero

A

weaker relationship

66
Q

what does correlation tell us

A
  • DOES tell us there’s relationship bw 2 variables

- DOES NOT tell us why there’s relationship bw 2 variables

67
Q

what is confounding variable

A
  • 3rd variable that affects one or both variables

==> 3rd variable that influences correlation coefficient

68
Q

what is causality

A

one variable directly affects another

69
Q

what is aim of experimental methods

A

explain cause and effect relationships

70
Q

how is hypothesis framed

A

if [ ] then [ ] will happen

71
Q

what are 5 characteristics of hypothesis

A
  1. consistent with prior observation / theory
  2. simple
  3. specific
  4. testable
  5. falsifiable
72
Q

what is operational definittion

A

definition of how variable is going to be measured

73
Q

what is independent variable

A
  • cause

- variable that researcher manipulates

74
Q

what is dependent variable

A
  • effect

- variable that researcher measures

75
Q

what is extraneous / confounding variable (2)

A
  1. variable that is not focus of study

2. variable that can influence study if not controlled

76
Q

what are 2 aims of sample selection

A
  1. ensure groups are fair

2. ensure groups representative of population

77
Q

what is simple random sample

A

sampling where everyone in pop has equal chance of being selected for sample

78
Q

what is stratified random sample

A
  1. divide pop into subgroups

2. SRS within each subgroup according to proportion of pop they make up

79
Q

what is experimental group

A

group that receives treatment of interest

80
Q

what is control group

A

group that does not receive treatment of interest

81
Q

what does placebo group control for

A

psychological beliefs + expectations that may influence behaviour

82
Q

what is internal validity

A

extent to which results can be attributed to IV

83
Q

what is external validity

A

extent to which findings can be applied beyond scope of experiment

84
Q

what is generalization

A

extent to which results can be applied beyond scope of experiment to other people

85
Q

what are 3 measures of central tendency

A
  1. mean
  2. median
  3. mode
86
Q

what is mean

A

average

87
Q

what is median

A

mid num in ordered data set

88
Q

what measure of central tendency resistant to outliers? what measure of central tendency is not resistant to outliers

A
  • resistant to outliers ==> median

- not resistant to outliers ==> mean

89
Q

what are 2 measures of spread

A
  1. range

2. stdev

90
Q

what is sum of deviations from mean

A

zero

91
Q

what is solution to sum of deviations from mean being zero

A

square deviations

92
Q

what is variance

A

average of squared deviations

93
Q

what is stdev

A
  • square root of variance

- square root avarage of squared deviations

94
Q

what are characteristics of normal distribution (3)

A
  1. bell shaped
  2. symmetrical
  3. single peak in centre
95
Q

what does symmetry of normal distribution mean

A
  • 50% above mean

- 50% below mean

96
Q

what does single peak in centre correspond to

A
  1. mean
  2. median
  3. mode

PSYCO 105 (6 decks)

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