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1 methods Flashcards

1
Q

how did people used to approach questions about the mind

A

rationalism

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2
Q

what is rationalism

A
  • using logical argument to acquire knowledge

- not using experience to acquire knowledge

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3
Q

what is limitation of rationalism

A

how we behave DIFF from how we think we behave

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4
Q

what is scientific theory

A

rational explanations to describe behaviour

rational explanations to predict behaviour

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5
Q

SCIENTIFIC METHOD what are 6 steps of scientific method

A
  1. identify problem
  2. gather info
  3. generate hypothesis
  4. design experiments + conduct experiments
  5. analyze data + form conclusions
  6. restart process
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6
Q

SCIENTIFIC METHOD what is problem based on (4)

A
  1. observation
  2. previous research
  3. theory
  4. intuition
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7
Q

SCIENTIFIC METHOD what does gather information mean (2)

A
  1. review scientific literature

2. examine existing theories

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8
Q

SCIENTIFIC METHOD what is hypothesis

A

educated prediction about outcome of experiment

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9
Q

SCIENTIFIC METHOD what is purpose of designing experiment (2)

A
  1. test hypothesis

2. collect data

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10
Q

what is purpose of analyzing data / forming conclusions SCIENTIFIC METHOD

A

determine if findings support hypothesis

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11
Q

SCIENTIFIC METHOD what if findings support hypothesis

A
  • evidence can support hypothesis

- evidence cannot prove hypothesis to be true

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12
Q

SCIENTIFIC METHOD why can’t evidence prove hypothesis to be true

A

new evidence may go against hypothesis

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13
Q

SCIENTIFIC METHOD what are descriptive methods

A

any means of describing a group

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14
Q

SCIENTIFIC METHOD what is / isn’t being identified by descriptive methods

A
  • is being identified ==> what is

- isn’t being identified ==> why is

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15
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is naturalistic observation

A

observing behaviour as it occurs in natural environment

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16
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is diff bw naturalistic observation and field experiment

A

naturalistic ==> do no manipulate conditions (wild)

field experiment ==> do manipulate conditions (zoo)

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17
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is Hawthorne effect

A

Changing behaviour as a result of becoming aware of observer

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18
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what are limitations of naturalistic observation

A
  1. reactivity
  2. reliability
  3. researcher bias
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19
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS why is reliability a limitation of naturalistic observation

A

lack of control over variables

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20
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is result of lack of control over variables

A

unsure what is influencing behaviour

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21
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is participant observation

A

researcher becomes part of group being investigated

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22
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what are limitations of participant observation

A
  1. reactivity
  2. reliability
  3. researcher bas
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23
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is reliability

A

repeatability of research findings

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24
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what are case studies

A

in depth analysis of unique circumstance or person

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25
DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what limitation do naturalistic observation, participant observation, and case studies have in common
observations cannot be generalized to entire pop
26
DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is purpose of surveys
1. collect information about people's opinions | 2. collect information about people's attitudes
27
DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is population
every single member of group
28
DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is sample
subset of pop
29
DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is sampling error
sample unrepresentative of pop
30
DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is wording effect
wording on surveys influences responses
31
DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what are 4 biases related to surveys
1. response bias 2. acquiescent response bias 3. socially desirable bias 4. volunteer bias
32
DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is response bias
answering how you feel you are expected to answer
33
DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is acquiscent response bias
answering "yes" to all items randomly
34
DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is volunteer bias
when only motivated fraction of pop respond to survey
35
DESCRIPTIVE METHODS what is illusory superiority
tendency to describe behaviour as better than average
36
RESEARCH ETHICS what are research ethics
standards of behaviour for psychologists doing research
37
RESEARCH ETHICS what are 5 general ethical principles of psychologists
1 beneficence + non maleficence 2. fidelity + responsibility 3. integrity 4. justice 5. respect for people's rights and dignity
38
RESEARCH ETHICS what does beneficence and non maleficence involve
1. cost benefit ratio | 2. protection
39
RESEARCH ETHICS what does fidelity and responsibility involve (2)
1. participants trusting experimenters | 2. participants trusting that they will hear about risks
40
RESEARCH ETHICS what does integrity involve
researchers reporting data honestly
41
RESEARCH ETHICS what does justice involve (2)
(1) researcher must not deny person of benefits of participating in study (2) researchers must not limit participation for reasons unrelated to study
42
RESEARCH ETHICS what type of individuals should be chosen to be participants in research
participants that will benefit from outcomes of research
43
RESEARCH ETHICS what is eligibility criteria
attributes of participants that will allow them to contribute to research question meaningfully
44
RESEARCH ETHICS what does respect for people's rights and dignity involve
(1) researchers keeping data confidential | (2) researchers making it clear participants can drop whenever
45
what is Institutional Review Board (IRB)
committee that assesses whether research will be carried out in way that is consistent with ethical principles
46
what is informed consent
participants agree to participate after all details are given
47
what ethical principle is related to informed consent
respect for people's right's and dignity
48
what is vulnerable pop
unable to provide informed consent
49
what criteria makes person vulnerable (2)
1. decisional impairment or | 2. situaltional vulnerability
50
what is decisional impairment
participants have reduced ability to provide informed consent
51
what is situational vulnerability
participants freedom of choice compromised by external source
52
how should researchers deal with participants with decisional impairment
1. obtain informed consent from guardian (guardian "ok") | 2. obtain assent from vulnerable participant
53
how should researcher deal with situational vulnerability
protect from exploitation
54
what is deception
holding back information about purpose and procedures during informed consent process
55
what criteria is required for deception to be approved (3)
1. researchers should not cause emotional or physical discomfort to participants 2. researches should prove deception is only way to conduct study 3. deception should not affect well being of participants throughout study 4. deception should not affect rights of participants throughout study
56
when is correlation used
when descriptive methods used
57
what is correlation
measure that captures direction + strength of relationship between 2 variables
58
what is pos correlation
- when one variable increases other increases | - when one variable decreases other decreases
59
what is neg correlation
- when one variable increases other decreases
60
what is zero correlation
2 variables unrelated
61
what is strength of correlation referring to
how points cluster around line of best fit
62
what is correlation coefficient
value representing strength of relationship
63
what is range for correlation coefficient
+1 to -1
64
what does it mean the closer r is to 1
stronger relationship
65
what does it mean that closer r is to zero
weaker relationship
66
what does correlation tell us
- DOES tell us there's relationship bw 2 variables | - DOES NOT tell us why there's relationship bw 2 variables
67
what is confounding variable
- 3rd variable that affects one or both variables | ==> 3rd variable that influences correlation coefficient
68
what is causality
one variable directly affects another
69
what is aim of experimental methods
explain cause and effect relationships
70
how is hypothesis framed
if [ ] then [ ] will happen
71
what are 5 characteristics of hypothesis
1. consistent with prior observation / theory 2. simple 3. specific 4. testable 5. falsifiable
72
what is operational definittion
definition of how variable is going to be measured
73
what is independent variable
- cause | - variable that researcher manipulates
74
what is dependent variable
- effect | - variable that researcher measures
75
what is extraneous / confounding variable (2)
1. variable that is not focus of study | 2. variable that can influence study if not controlled
76
what are 2 aims of sample selection
1. ensure groups are fair | 2. ensure groups representative of population
77
what is simple random sample
sampling where everyone in pop has equal chance of being selected for sample
78
what is stratified random sample
1. divide pop into subgroups | 2. SRS within each subgroup according to proportion of pop they make up
79
what is experimental group
group that receives treatment of interest
80
what is control group
group that does not receive treatment of interest
81
what does placebo group control for
psychological beliefs + expectations that may influence behaviour
82
what is internal validity
extent to which results can be attributed to IV
83
what is external validity
extent to which findings can be applied beyond scope of experiment
84
what is generalization
extent to which results can be applied beyond scope of experiment to other people
85
what are 3 measures of central tendency
1. mean 2. median 3. mode
86
what is mean
average
87
what is median
mid num in ordered data set
88
what measure of central tendency resistant to outliers? what measure of central tendency is not resistant to outliers
- resistant to outliers ==> median | - not resistant to outliers ==> mean
89
what are 2 measures of spread
1. range | 2. stdev
90
what is sum of deviations from mean
zero
91
what is solution to sum of deviations from mean being zero
square deviations
92
what is variance
average of squared deviations
93
what is stdev
- square root of variance | - square root avarage of squared deviations
94
what are characteristics of normal distribution (3)
1. bell shaped 2. symmetrical 3. single peak in centre
95
what does symmetry of normal distribution mean
- 50% above mean | - 50% below mean
96
what does single peak in centre correspond to
1. mean 2. median 3. mode

PSYCO 105 (6 decks)

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