2.b. Corridors of migrant flows create interdependence between countries.

Question 1

Brazil is the 7th largest what in the world?

Answer 1

7th largest economy in the world.

Question 2

Brazil is the leading economic power in what area?

Answer 2

The leading economic power in Latin America.

Question 3

What did Brazil’s GDP per capita increased from between 2007 and 2014?

Answer 3

Experienced significant increase in GDP per capita from US$4874 in 2007 to US$5823 in 2014.

Question 4

What is the percentage GDP sector split, between services, industry, and agriculture?

Answer 4

GDP sector split; services, 69%; industry, 25%; agriculture, 6%.

Question 5

Brazil experiences a declined crude birth rate, and what else?

Answer 5

Declining crude birth rate and ageing population.

Question 6

What has contributed to Brazil’s economic growth and development over a long period?

Answer 6

Migration has contributed to Brazil’s economic growth and development over a long period.

Question 7

The 2016 Olympics and 2014 World Cup led to what rise in Brazil?

Answer 7

Rise in number of international labour migrants attracted by construction industries.

Question 8

What country and continent use Ecuador and Chile as transit countries to reach Brazil?

Answer 8

Influx of migrants from Haiti and African countries, using Ecuador and Chile as transit countries.

Question 9

During what centuries was Brazil a net recipient of migrants?

Answer 9

During late 19th and 20th century Brazil was a net recipient of migrants.

Question 10

European migrants are attracted to work in what sector within Brazil? What employment specifically? Where are most of these migrants from?

Answer 10

European migrants attracted to work in the agricultural sector, coffee cultivation. (Italians).

Question 11

Why do large numbers of people from Bolivia, Angola, and Lebanon migrate to Brazil?

Answer 11

Political crises have led to migrations from Bolivia, Angola and Lebanon.

Question 12

Immigration in Brazil has slowed in the last how many years? How many migrants fewer is there than at the start of the century?

Answer 12

Immigration slowed in the last 15 years. There are 80,000 fewer migrants than at the start of the century.

Question 13

What country has Brazil’s largest population overseas?

Answer 13

The USA has Brazil’s largest population overseas, mainly for economic reasons.

Question 14

Outline Portugal. (Reference to interdependence with countries connected to Brazil by migrant flows).

Answer 14

Long-standing bilateral relationship on a political, economic and social basis.

Brazil was a former colony of Portugal and today the Portuguese government still gives special status to Brazilian migrants.

Portugal is a gateway to the EU, eases integration and encourages well-developed social diaspora networks in both countries.

Migrant remittances are an economic factor.

Question 15

Outline USA. (Reference to interdependence with countries connected to Brazil by migrant flows).

Answer 15

Important links politically, socio-economically and environmentally.

Returning migrants from Brazil have acquired skills and knowledge to bring back.

Highly skilled Brazilians are increasingly finding opportunities to work in the USA especially in the service sector.

USA has negotiated agreements with Brazil regarding agriculture, trade, finance and education.

Question 16

Outline Haiti. (Reference to interdependence with countries connected to Brazil by migrant flows).

Answer 16

Developed a political, economic and humanitarian relationship.

The National Immigration Council for Brazil enables Haitian immigrants to obtain visas relatively easily in Haiti, reducing vulnerability to trafficking networks.

This was beneficial during the Haiti earthquake in 2010, which displaced 1.5 million migrants, and the effects of hurricane Sandy in 2012.

Many intend to join friends and relatives in the southeast of Brazil where low skilled jobs are available in agriculture and the factories of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina.

Political, social and environmental interdependence with countries connected to Brazil by migrant flows.

Question 17

Waves of immigration in different periods from Japan, Portugal and other European countries including Italy, Spain and Germany have contributed to the growth in what employment sectors?

Answer 17

Waves of immigration in different periods from Japan, Portugal and other European countries including Italy, Spain and Germany have contributed to the growth in agriculture and manufacturing sectors.

Question 18

Recent arrivals of highly skilled professionals with employment contracts have contributed to what 3 areas?

Answer 18

Entrepreneurship

Innovation

Reducing labour market gaps.

Question 19

Emigration to the USA, Japan, Portugal and other European countries resulted in what? What did this cause?

Answer 19

Emigration to the USA, Japan, Portugal and other European countries has resulted in migrant remittances to Brazil – leading to development at all scales.

Question 20

Outline the political stability of Brazil.

Answer 20

Brazil has a stable and democratic political system.

It is a leading member of Mercosur

It is one of the so-called BRIC group of emerging economies.

Question 21

Brazil is a member of Mercosur, what has this helped with?

Answer 21

This has helped South American integration and promotion of political stability.

Question 22

Are there stable political relationships between Brazil and the countries with which it has significant bilateral migrants flows, especially USA, Japan and Portugal?

Answer 22

Yes, there are stable political relationships between Brazil and the countries with which it has significant bilateral migrants flows, especially USA, Japan and Portugal.

Question 23

Brazil is an important receiver of what 2 types of refugees?

Answer 23

Brazil is an important receiver of environmental and political refugees.

Question 24

What is Mercosur?

Answer 24

A trading bloc in which there is free flow of trade, capital and labour migration.

Question 25

What Brazilian minority are affected most by inequalities existing in housing provision, access to services, attainment and income?

Answer 25

Inequalities exist in housing provision, access to services, attainment and income; Brazilians of African descent are most affected.

Question 26

Inequalities have a spatial perspective. Where is poverty concentrated?

Answer 26

Inequalities have a spatial perspective with poverty concentrated in rural areas or in the favelas to which the poor migrate.

Question 27

There is prejudice and discrimination in the labour market, especially against what population group? What does this impede?

Answer 27

There is prejudice and discrimination in the labour market, especially against black and indigenous populations, and this impedes their full economic, political and social development.